Transformers

Application of Transformers
Generation, Transmission, Distribution &
Heavy Industries
In Generation
 11/22/33kV – Step up
Transmission
 110/132/220/230/400/765kV
Distribution
 66 / 33 /22 /11 kV – Step Down
Core Construction
Three Limb Construction – Core Type
 Distribution Transformer
 Small Capacity Transformer
Five Limb Construction – Shell Type
 Power Transformer
 High Capacity – 5MVA & Above
 Transformer Winding
Copper Flat / bars
Aluminium Flats
Use of 1 Transformer
In Generation Station
Reduce Space
Reduce level of damage in case of fault
Transportation Limitations
 In Hilly areas
 Auto transformer
Single Winding Transformer
Voltage Regulation applications
Reduce Cost & Losses
Ideal for
 230 KV to 110 KV
 400 KV to 110 KV
Parts of Transformer
Core – CRGO Silicon Steel, Laser Scribed
CRGO Silicon Steel, Amorphous
Windings – Copper / Aluminium
Tank, Tank Cover & Cooling Pins
Cooling Fans - Optional
Conservator Tank
Parts of Transformer – Contd.
Breather – Slicagel
Buchholtz Relay
Thermometer
HV & LV Bushing
Heater
 Why, Transformer  is High?
Transformer is a Static Device
 No friction, Windage & Mechanical Losses
Typical Efficiency is 99 to 99.6%
Maximum Efficiency
 at20-30% in Distribution Transformer
 at 25-40% in Power Transformer
 Insulation Used in
Power Transformers
Class A,B,C,F & H are used for Dry
Type
 Enamel insulation
Oil immersed Transformer
 Coilinsulation by Craft Paper, Manila paper
& Bamboo
 Insulating Varnish for impregnating the
windings
 Transformer Oil
Methods of Cooling
Air – Small Trs.
Gas
Synthetic Oil
Mineral Oil
Solid Insulation – Cast Resin Tr.
Water Cooled – High Capacity Tr.
Types of Cooling
Acronym Type Size
ONAN Oil Natural Air Upto 30 MVA
Natural
ONAF Oil Natural Air 30 to 60 MVA
Forced
OFAF Oil Forced Air Forced > 60 MVA
Types of Cooling –Contd.
Acronym Type Size
OFWF Oil Forced Water > 100 MVA
Forced
AN Air Natural < 1.5 MVA
Compensation for Voltage Variation
Tap Changing facilities
 OFF Load Tap Changers
 ON Load Tap Changers (OLTC)
To maintain voltage – Z drop
To compensate line drops
Compensation for Voltage Variation
Tapping Provide on HT Side
IE rule
 LT Voltage Varies ± 5%
 HT Voltage Varies ± 12.5%
Additional Tapping for Power Transformers
Off Load Tap Changer
Suitable for Small Distribution
Transformer
Tap changing require 5 to 10 minutes
Disturb stability of power system
On Load Tap Changers (OLTC)
Preferred for Power
Transformer
Improve Power System Stability
 Impedance Voltage
Impedance Voltage is applied across one
winding of a Transformer
 Produce normal full load current to flow thro’
the second wdg., when Short circuited
Determines
 The Fault Level
 Regulation
Conditions for Parallel
Operation of Transformers
Essential conditions to be satisfied
are
 Polaritymust be same
 Voltage ratio must be same
 Phase Sequence Must be same
 Identical vector diagram for Three phase
transformers
 % of Impedance preferable same
 What happens if the voltage ratios
are not identical?
The difference in voltage will cause
a circulating current through the two
secondary, If they are connected in parallel
This is not be permitted
This current would merely load the
transformer
 And heat it up without any useful work
being done
Before paralleling, it is essential
to ensure that there is
No voltage difference between the
terminals to be paralleled
In transformers already in
service
Make sure that the tap positions of
the transformers are correctly set
every time they are put in parallel
 Is it necessary Capacities of two Tr.
be Same for parallel operation?
Not Necessary
When different capacities are paralleled
 They should share the load in proportion to their
capacities
This can be ensured if the % Z of the two
transformers are nearly the same
 Deviation should not be more than ±10 % from the
average % of Z of the two Tr.
 How does % of Z affect load
sharing in Parallel Operation?
The % of Z of a transformer determines
 The voltage drop between the no load & full load
When two transformers work in parallel the
load current in each will be such that
 The voltage drop in both is identical because they
are connected to a common busbar
Transformer with lower % of Z will have a
lesser drop
 it will take a greater share of the load
 Example
If a 500 KVA and a 1000 KVA Tr. are in
parallel to meet a load of 1050 KVA
The expected load taken by the two
should be 350 KVA and 700 KVA
respectively
 If % of Z is in proportion to their
capacities
 This will be so if their % of Z is equal
 Example
Suppose that the 1000 KVA Tr. takes only
500 KVA instead of its share of 700 KVA,
the 500 KVA unit will have to take 550 KVA
The smaller unit gets overloaded, while the
bigger unit is loaded to half its capacity only
 Permitted Size of Transformers
to Be in Parallel
Generally speaking, the ratio of outputs of
transformers working in parallel should not
exceed 3:1
The deviation in % Z should not be more than
±10 percent from the average of the two
Transformers value
 Hazards against which a
transformer requires protection?
Overloading of Tr. & Short circuits
Internal faults like loose contacts, faults
between adjacent turns and earth faults in
the windings or leads
Improper design of Tr. or auxiliaries
 Avoidedby obtaining equip. from a reputable
manufacturer
 Hazards against which a
transformer requires protection?
Insistence on compliance with latest relevant
specification by ISI or BIS
Completion of routine tests prescribed &
Careful inspection before final commissioning
Improper maintenance
 Avoided by employing qualified and trained
engineers and staff
 Hazards against which a
transformer requires protection?
Hazards of external origin like lightning
surges, system over voltages
 This is to ensure proper insulation co-
ordination and to install surge arrestors
having the correct characteristics
 Transformer Protection
Transformer is a robust & serviceable
equipment
Which rarely gives trouble, but can be
damaged by negligence.
Protective equipment required
 The deciding factor is the size of the tr.
A multiplicity of protective devices is likely to
reduce reliability instead of improving it
The Tr. should be robust in
construction & reliable in operation
 This applies to all the connected ancillaries,
like air blowers, oil pumps and trip circuit
batteries
The protective measure for electrical
equipment is that its body should be
solidly earthed
 bytwo independent conductors, which are
of adequate capacity
 Protection for Indoor
Distribution transformer
Capacities of the Transformer vary
from 5 KVA to 500 KVA
With their primary connected to HT
supply upto 11 kV
Distribution Tr. are protected by
A circuit breaker fitted with an
overload tripping device
A thermal overload release etc
If there is a bank of small Tr., each
Tr. may be protected by
HRC type fuses on LT Side
A circuit breaker on HT Side

When the Tr. capacity exceeds 250

KVA
itis advisable to provide a 3-element
inverse time overload relay
 Protective Device for a
Large Size Transformer
In a large substation working on 66kV, 132kV
or higher voltages
 Tr. ratings is from 5 MVA to 20 MVA or more
 Costing several Crores of rupees each

The consequences of damage are so serious

A more elaborate system of protection is fully
justified and indeed is essential
 Detection of faults in
Transformers
Three basic Fault Detection are
Temperature rise
 Thermometer, Thermostat, thermal relay
Formation of gas
 Buchholz relay
Current unbalance
 Over current relay
 Differential relay
 Earth leakage Relay
Their functions are somewhat overlapping
& two or three relays may operate on some
faults
It is necessary to know which of them have
actually operated
 To decide upon the course of action to be
taken
A large annunciator panel is therefore
provided on the substation control board
 On which telltale or flag indication is given
for each device, which operates during any
incident
Inrush Current in Transformer
When a transformer is switched
off
 The primary circuit opens at zero
current
 But the secondary current takes a
short time to decay to zero
 This leaves a residual flux in the core
of the Tr.
Inrush Current in Transformer
The voltage applied to the primary is
counterbalanced by the back e.m.f
 produced by the residual alternating magnetic flux
in the core
At the instant of switching, back EMF
which develops is dependent upon
 Value of residual flux which may either be
in opposition to the flux produced by the
Applied voltage as it should be, or it may be
assisting it
 Inrush Current in Transformer

At the instant of switching in the

current flow is determined
 bythe value & direction of the back EMF
& depend upon the residual flux in the
core at the time
Under the worst condition, this
current is limited only by the air-core
reactance of the windings
 since
the core would be saturated and its
impedance is greatly reduced
Inrush Current is as high as five times
full load current & persist as long as
2seconds
Inrush current flow thro’ primary winding
of Tr. Only & there is no corresponding out-
flow on secondary side
It has the same effect as an internal fault as
far as the differential relay is concerned
Inrush current at the time of switching Tr.
has always been a source of difficulty
especially with high-speed differential
relays.
 Remedy to Overcome Inrush
Current in Protection System
Inrush current is a pulsating direct current,
which rapidly decays
 It contains a large % of harmonic components
This fact is utilized to block the operation of
differential relay during current inrush
period
 By providing restraining coil(RC) & harmonic
restraint, comprising series and parallel tuned
filter circuits (TF) to make differential relay
inoperative during current inrush
 Two Transformer Layout
Common Layout
Advantages of
Flexibility
of Operation
Maintenance

Energy Savings
 Operating Transformer on Different
Freq. than the Designed
No objection to operate a
Transformer at a Higher Freq.
 Flux
density will be lower
 Magnetizing current is less
At Low frequency
 Core will over saturate
 Exciting current will be abnormal
Small Deviation in freq. Permitted up
to 10%
 Reduce voltage & De-rate Capacity
 Noisy Operation of Transformer
Noise / Hum is due to core expands & contracts
 MagnetoStriction Effect
To reduce Hum, the core must be tightly clamped
Due to insulation failure between core
laminations
Flux density must be reduced as much as possible
– Design limitations
Over Voltage / Magnetic Saturation
Effectiveness of Spark/Rod Gap
Simplest form of protecting system due
to over voltage
 For Transformer & Switch Gear Bushing
Air gap is set to breakdown if the line
voltage reaches a value of 20% above
the normal voltage of the system
Effectiveness of Spark/Rod Gap
Energy contained in the surge is bypassed
safely to earth
Act as secondary protection if LA fails to
protect
Time delay for spark over is appreciably
high than LA
Disadvantage is arc persist across the gap
 Operation of Lightning Arrestor
Consists of series of spark gap & several
non-linear resistance like thyrite,
metrosil
Non-linear resistance – Resistance
inversely proportional to the applied
voltage
 Extremely low value when high voltage surge
appears
 Operation of Lightning Arrestor

Allows the flow of heavy current in

KA & Dissipates the energy quickly
It recovers a high resistance value to
the normal voltage as soon as the
surge is disappeared
Selecting a Lightning Arrestor

Rated voltage of the LA

 Basedon the supply system
 Impulse withstand level of
connected equip..
Rated Discharge current
 Selecting a Lightning Arrestor
Power frequency spark over voltage
1/50 Impulse spark over voltage
Residual discharge voltage
Rated Voltage of Lightning Arrestor
Rated voltage of an arrestor is the RMS value
of the normal power freq. Voltage
 Exists across its line & Earth terminals
Rated voltage is normally taken as 80% of its
Max. Line to Line Voltage
Discharge Current Rating of
Lightning Arrestor
Commonly accepted discharge current
level is 10, 5, 2.5 & 1.5 KA
 Based on an 8/20 micro second wave
shape
 For small transformers & Small Sub-
stations
Discharge Current Rating of
Lightning Arrestor
For Higher impulse currents of
100,65,25 & 10 KA
 Based on 4/10 micro second wave shape
 For large Size Transformers at Grid sub-
stations
Thank you