15th Edition

Understanding
Computers Today and
Tomorrow
Comprehensive

Chapter 8:
The Internet and
the World Wide
Web

Deborah Morley
Charles S. Copyright 2015 Cengage
Learning
 Learning
Objectives
1. Discuss how the Internet evolved and what it is like today.
2. Identify the various types of individuals, companies, and
organizations involved in the Internet community and explain
their purposes.
3. Describe device and connection options for connecting to
the Internet, as well as some considerations to keep in mind
when selecting an ISP.
4. Understand how to search effectively for information on the
Internet and how to cite Internet resources properly.

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 Learning
Objectives
5. List several ways to communicate over the Internet, in
addition to e-mail.
6. List several useful activities that can be performed via
the
Web.
7. Discuss censorship and privacy and how they are related to
Internet use.

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 Overvie
w
• This chapter covers:
– The evolution of the Internet
– The Internet community
– Different options for connecting to the Internet
– Internet searching
– Common applications available via the Internet
– Societal issues that apply to Internet use

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 Evolution of the
Internet
• Internet
– Largest and most well-known computer network, linking
millions of computers all over the world
– The Internet has actually operated in one form or another
for several decades
• ARPANET
– The predecessor of the Internet
• Created in 1969 and named after the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which sponsored its
development
– Initially connected four supercomputers; eventually
evolved into today’s Internet
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 Evolution of the
Internet
• The World Wide Web
– The collection of Web pages available through the Internet
– Proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989
– Originally only text-based content; release of the Mosaic
browser in 1993 led to graphical content
– Web 2.0
• Wide variety of content available via Web pages today
such as social networking, RSS, podcasts, blogs and
wikis
– The World Wide Web and the Internet are not owned by
any person, business, or organization
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 Evolution of the
Internet
– Primary infrastructure that makes up the Internet backbone
is typically owned by communications companies
• Internet2
– Consortium of researchers, educators, and technology
leaders from industry, government, and the international
community
– Dedicated to the development of revolutionary Internet
technologies
– Research and development tool, much of which is focused on
speed

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 Evolution of the
Internet
• The Internet Community Today
– Users
• People who use the
Internet
– Internet Service Providers
(ISPs)
• Provide access to the
Internet, typically for a fee
• Include most
communication and media
companies

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 Evolution of the
Internet
– Internet Content Providers
• Persons or organizations that provide Internet content
– Businesses, non-profit organizations, educational
institutions, individuals
– Application Service Providers (ASPs) and Web Services
• Companies that manage and distribute Web-based
software services over the Internet
– Cloud software, Software as a Service (SaaS),
cloudware
– Often fee-based business software
• Web service: self-contained business application that
operates over the Internet
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 Evolution of the
Internet

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 Evolution of the
Internet
– Infrastructure Companies
• Enterprises that own or operating the physical structure
of the Internet
• Conventional and mobile phone companies, cable
companies, and satellite Internet providers
– Hardware and Software Companies
• Provide the hardware and software used in conjunction
with the Internet and Web

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 Evolution of the
Internet
– The Government and Other Organizations
• Some countries limit information and access
• FCC influences communications
• Internet Society (ISOC)
– Addresses issues impacting the future of the
internet
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN)
– Domain and IP management
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
– Protocols and standards, ensures interoperability
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 Myths About the
Internet
• Myth 1: The Internet is Free
– Most people and businesses pay for Internet
access
– Businesses, schools, and libraries lease
communications lines from phone companies
– Mobile phone users pay hotspot
providers or mobile phone
providers for access
– Fee-based content is growing
at a rapid pace
• Music/movie downloads
• Donation-based sites

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 Myths About the
Internet
• Myth 2: Someone Controls the Internet
– No single group or organization controls the Internet
– Governments can regulate Internet use within its country,
but difficult to enforce
• Myth 3: The Internet and World Wide Web are identical
– Internet is the physical network
– WWW is the collection of Web pages available over the
Internet
– Other resources are available via the Internet, for
example,
FTP
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 Getting Set Up to Use the
Internet
• Type of Device
– Combination of factors to consider
• Devices available to you
• Whether you need access just at home or while on the
go
• What types of Internet content you want to access
– Personal Computers
– Smartphones, Media Tablets, and Other Mobile Devices
– Gaming Devices and Televisions

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 Getting Set Up to Use the
Internet

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 Inside the Industry
Box
Mobile Data Caps
– Mobile data use is increasing
rapidly
– Many wireless carriers now have
data caps for mobile devices
– Either lose high-speed access or
are charged a fee when data cap is
exceeded
– Best to monitor your data use to
stay below your data cap
– Onavo also compresses data

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 Types of Connection and
Internet Access
• Computer must be connected to the Internet to obtain access
• Most connections today are broadband
• Dial-up vs. Direct Connections
– Dial-up connections use standard phone lines
• Uses modem to dial-up ISP
• Inconvenient
• Slower, but cheaper
• Ties up phone lines
• Relatively secure from hackers

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 Types of Connection and
Internet Access
– Direct connections
• Device is continually connected to the Internet
• Access Internet using a browser—Internet Explorer,
Chrome, or Firefox
• Direct connections are typically broadband
• Because you are always connected, it is important to
protect your computer from hackers

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 Types of Connection and
Internet Access
• Conventional Dial-Up
– Uses dial-up modem connected to standard telephone jack
– Most often used with home computers for users who do
not need or do not want to pay for broadband
• Inexpensive hardware
• Easy to set up and use
• Widespread availability
• Slow connection speed

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 Types of Connection and
Internet Access
• Cable
– Most widely used home broadband connection
– Fast, between 15 and 50 Mbps
– Requires a cable modem
• DSL
– Broadband delivered over telephone lines
– Must be less than 3 miles from a switching station
– Transmits over telephone lines but does not tie up the line
– Typically 1-15 Mbps

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 Types of Connection and
Internet Access
• Satellite
–Broadband option for rural areas
–Slower and more expensive that cable or DSL
–Requires satellite modem and transceiver dish
–Performance might degrade or stop altogether during bad
weather
• Fixed Wireless
– Uses radio transmission towers rather than satellites
– Requires a modem and, sometimes, an outside-mounted
transceiver
– Uses WiMAX technology to broadcast

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 Types of Connection and
Internet Access
• Broadband over Fiber (BoF)
– Delivers over fiber-optic cabling all the way to the building
– Also called fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP)
– Most often installed by telephone companies
– Download speeds between 15 Mbps and 150 Mbps
– Requires special networking equipment
• Mobile Wireless
– Access via a smartphone or media tablet
– Typically requires a data plan

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 Types of Connection and
Internet Access

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 Types of Connection and
Internet Access
• Wi-Fi Hotspots
– Public wireless
networks (Wi-Fi)
– Both free and fee-
based are available

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 Selecting an ISP and Setting Up
Your Computer

• Selecting an ISP
– Type of device used, type of Internet connection, and
service desired, geographic location will likely
determine your ISP options
– Questions to ask include speed, outages, support, limits,
pricing options, etc.
– Pricing options between different ISP companies will
vary
• Many ISPs offer tiers or different levels (speeds) of
service for different prices

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 Selecting an ISP and Setting Up
Your Computer

• Setting Up Your Computer

– Install necessary hardware
• Some may require professional installation, i.e.,
satellites and broadband over fiber
– Select user name and a payment method
– Perform any necessary set-up to share the connection with
other computers or devices

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 Quick
Quiz
1. The Internet began as an experimental network known by which
name?
a. ARPANET
b. Internet2
c. World Wide Web
2. True or False: Cable is a common type of direct Internet
connection.
3. A type of always-on broadband Internet access available through
conventional phone lines that does not tie up your phone line is
.

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 Searching the
Internet
• Search Sites
– Web sites designed to help users search for Web pages
that match specified keywords or selected categories
• Typically use a search engine in conjunction with a
database containing information about Web pages to
locate appropriate Web pages
• Many search sites available (Google, Bing, Yahoo,
Ask.com, etc.)
• Real-time search engines are emerging
– Search the Web live rather than relying on a
database, i.e., MyLiveSearch

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 Searching the
Internet
• Keyword Search
– Keywords are typed in a search box to locate information on the
Internet
– Matching Web pages are called hits
– Clicking on a Web page name displays that page
• Directory Search
– Categories are selected to locate information on the Internet
• Search Site Tools
– Search for music files, image files, news articles, maps, people,
videos
– Google is one of the most versatile search sites

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 Searching the
Internet

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 Search
Strategies
• Using Phrases
– Phrase searching is typing more than one keyword in a
keyword search

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 Search
Strategies
• Using Boolean Operators
– Use AND, OR, and NOT to further refine a search
• Check to see what operators can be used on the site
• Using Multiple Search Sites
– Different search sites can return different results
• Using Appropriate Keywords, Synonyms, Variant Word Forms,
and Wildcards
– Synonyms are different words that mean the same thing
– Variations of your keywords, alternate spellings, etc.
– Wildcards, such as *, can be used to search for keyword
patterns

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 Search
Strategies
• Using Field Searches
– Field searches are searches limited to a particular
characteristic, such as page title, page text, URL, top level
domain or Web site

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 Evaluating Search
Results
• Does the title and listed description sound appropriate for the
information you are seeking?
• Is the URL from an appropriate company or organization?
• You should also evaluate:
– The author
– The source
• Determine if reliable or biased
– The date
• Many online articles are years old
• Verify online information with a second source

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 Citing Internet
Resources
• To avoid plagiarism, proper citation procedures should be
used for all Internet content used in a paper, book, or on a
Web site
• Citation should include:
– Author
– Date of publication
– Article or Web page title
– “Retrieved” statement listing the date the article
was retrieved from the Internet and the URL used

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 Citing Internet
Resources

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 Quick
Quiz
1. With which of the following does the user select a category
matching the topic for which he or she is searching?
a. keyword search
b. directory search
c. field search
2. True or False: The search phrase “trailer NOT horse”
would locate Web pages about horse trailers
3. The program used by many search sites to retrieve matching
Web pages from their database is called a(n)
.

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 Beyond Browsing and E-
Mail
• Many types of other online communications methods exist
• Instant Messaging (IM) and Text Messaging
– Instant Messaging
• Exchanging real-time messages
• Example of presence technology
– Text Messaging
• Used by mobile phone users
• Also called Short Message Service (SMS)
• Beginning to replace e-mail for personal
communication
• Can be group messages

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 How It Works
Box
Geofencing
– Form of geobrowsing
– Businesses or individuals can set up
geofences
• Business can be notified when a
customer enters or exits a
geofence (location-based
marketing)
• Individual can be reminded of
tasks to perform when they
enter or exit a geofence

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 Beyond Browsing and E-
Mail
• Twittering and Social Networking
Updates
– Users post short updates
called tweets
– Used in both business and
personal lives
– Other types of status updates
are available via some social
networking sites

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 Beyond Browsing and E-
Mail
• Forums
– Web page that enables individuals to post messages on a
particular topic for others to read and respond to
• Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
– Making telephone calls over the Internet
– Computer to computer
• Skype, IM, etc.
– More permanent VoIP setups replace landline phones
– Relatively inexpensive—as little as $25 per month
– Does not work when Internet connection or
power is out

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 Beyond Browsing and E-
Mail

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 Beyond Browsing and E-
Mail
• Web Conferences and Webinars
– Web Conference
• Face-to-face meeting (videoconferencing) taking place
via the Internet
• Typically takes place using a personal computer or
mobile phone
• Used by individuals and businesses
• Business Web conferencing is often used for meetings
between individuals located in different geographical
locations

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 Beyond Browsing and E-
Mail
– Webinar
• A seminar presented via the Web
– Webcast
• A completely one-way presentation
• Social Networking/Social Media
– Social Networking Site
• A site that enables a community of
individuals to communicate and share
information
– Social Media
• The collection of social networking sites and other
communications channels used to share information
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 Beyond Browsing and E-
Mail
Social Media Uses:
– Share information about yourself (Facebook, etc.)
– Connect people in specific geographic areas
– Check in to locations
– Sign in to Web sites
– Business marketing tool
• For security and safety reasons, users should be careful not to
reveal too much about themselves
• Sites are increasingly monitored by colleges and employers
– Carefully check what is posted and remove anything that
might be potentially embarrassing

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 Beyond Browsing and E-
Mail

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 Online Shopping and
Investing
• Online Shopping
– Buying products or services over the Internet
• Online Auction
– Bids are placed for items and the highest bidder purchases
the item
• Online Banking
– Performing banking activities via the Web
• Online investing
– Buying and selling stocks or other types of investments via
the Web

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 Online
Entertainment
• Online Music
– Music played or obtained via the Web
• Online TV, Videos, and Movies
– Videos watched or downloaded via the Web
– Live or recorded TV shows available via the Web
– Feature films available via the Web
– Video-on-demand (VoD)
• Downloading movies and television shows, on demand,
via the Web
• Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) – content delivered
directly to your TV
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 Online
Entertainment

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 Technology and You
Box
High Tech Workouts
– Video workouts available for
smartphones and media tablets
– Typically streamed via the
Internet
– Some are free; others are
purchased individually or via a
subscription
– Other high-tech workout devices
include watches that record
workout data and smart scales

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 Online
Entertainment
• Online Gaming
– Playing games via the Web
– Web-based games, online multiplayer games, etc.
– Quite often associated with Internet addiction
• The inability to stop using the Internet or to prevent
extensive use of the Internet from interfering with
other aspect’s of one’s life
– Gamification trend involves using gaming elements
(earning points or rewards) in a non-entertainment
context, such as for customer and employee engagement

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 Online News, Reference, and
Information
• Online News
– Available through Web sites belonging to news
organizations, television networks, newspapers,
magazines, etc.
– Usually updated on a continual basis
– Growing trend is to abandon print subscriptions
and
provide Web-only service--mainly due to cost
– News archives are often available (sometimes requires a
fee)

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 Online News, Reference, and
Information
• Reference Sites
– Provide access to specific types of useful information
– Phone and address directories, weather, maps, home
values, encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc.
• Portal Web page
– Designed to be selected as a browser’s home
page; typically can be customized

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 Online News, Reference, and
Information

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 Online News, Reference, and
Information
• RSS (Really Simple Syndication) Feeds
– News tool that delivers selected Web content to
subscribers as the content is published to a Web site
• Podcasts
– Recorded audio or video file that can be played or
downloaded via the Web
– Prepared by individuals and businesses
– Used to share knowledge, express opinions, share original
poems, songs, or short stories
– Typically uploaded to the Web on a regular basis

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 Online News, Reference, and
Information
• Product, Corporate, Government, and Other Information
– Vast amount of product and government information
available online
• Product specifications
• Instruction manuals
• Tax forms
• Government publications
• Legislative bills
– Wide variety of information from non-profit
organizations,
conservation groups, political parties, etc., also
available
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 Trend
Box
Internet of Things (IoT)
– Everyday objects are connected to and uniquely identified
on the Internet
– Also called Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
– Will include sensors in shoes and other objects, smart
fitness devices, home automation systems, smart farm
equipment, smart freeways and traffic lights, etc.
– Devices will communication with each other and provide
feedback to users as needed
– Initial applications include home automation and wearable
technology

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 Trend
Box

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 Online Education and
Writing
• Online Education
– Using the Internet to facilitate learning
– Web-based learning management systems
• Used to deliver course content, manage assignments
and grades, and more
– Student response systems
• Students use a special device or their mobile phone to
respond to surveys or review questions during lectures

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 Online Education and
Writing
– Web-based training (WBT)
• Any instruction delivered via the Web
• Commonly used for employee training
– Distance Learning
• Students take classes from a different location from the
one where the delivery of instruction takes place
– Online Testing
• Taking tests via the Internet
– Available for both objective and performance-based
exams
– Typically graded automatically
– Cheating is an issue
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 Online Education and
Writing
• Online Writing
– Blogs
• A Web page that contains short, frequently updated
entries in chronological order, typically by just one
individual
– Wikis
• A collaborative Web page that is designed to be
edited
and republished by a variety of individuals
• Wikipedia is one of the largest
• Carefully evaluate content, as irresponsible individuals
can enter erroneous information
– E-portfolios
• A collection of an individual’s work accessible via
the Web
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 Censorship and Privacy
Issues
• Censorship
– Some countries block some Internet content
• To hinder spread of information from political
opposition
• To filter out material determined to be offensive
• To protect national security
– Some countries have attempted to regulate Internet
content
• Difficulty defining “patently offensive” and
“indecent”
• Difficult finding a fair balance between protection and
censorship
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 Censorship and Privacy
Issues
– Internet Filtering
• Using software or browser options to
block access to particular Web pages
or types of Web pages
• Used by individuals, schools,
employers, public computers, etc.
• Can use browser settings or special
filtering software
• For computers and mobile devices

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 Censorship and Privacy
Issues
• Web Browsing Privacy
– Encompasses what information about individuals is
available, how it is used, and by whom
– Cookies
• Small files stored on a hard drive by a Web
server
• Used to identify return visitors and their
preferences
• Can be used to track Web activity
• Can be personally or non-personally identifiable
• Data can be viewed or deleted
• Settings can be changed; can be managed with
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software
 Censorship and Privacy
Issues

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 Censorship and Privacy
Issues
• Spyware and Adware
– Spyware
• Software installed without users knowledge that
transmits data secretly through the user’s
Internet connection
• Sometimes used by advertisers to gather
marketing
information
• Used by criminals to gather personal data stored on
your computer

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 Censorship and Privacy
Issues
– Adware
• Software supported by onscreen advertising
• Often included in free programs
• Does not gather information
• Is not installed without user’s consent
• E-Mail Privacy
– Only encrypted e-mail can be transmitted privately
– Employers and ISPs have access to e-mails sent through
those organizations
– Businesses and ISPs typically archive e-mail messages

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 Censorship and Privacy
Issues

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 Quick
Quiz
1. Ordering a movie or television show to be downloaded from the
Internet is referred to as?
a. Interactive TV
b. Online radio
c. Video-on-demand (VOD)
2. True or False: A URL that begins with https:// indicates the page
being viewed is secure.
3. Blocking access to particular Web pages or types of Web pages
using browser settings or special software is called Internet
.

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 Summar
y
• Evolution of the Internet
• Getting Set Up to Use the Internet
• Searching the Internet
• Beyond Browsing and E-Mail
• Censorship and Privacy Issues

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