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Engine Operating Characteristics 2

This document discusses various operating characteristics of internal combustion engines, including: - Torque and power are measured using dynamometers, and engines can be designed for high torque or high speed. - Air-fuel ratio is the ratio of air to fuel mass, with stoichiometric being around 15:1. Gasoline engines typically run between 12-18 while diesel engines run leaner between 18-70. - Specific fuel consumption is a measure of fuel efficiency defined as the ratio of fuel flow to engine power, with units of kg/kWh. It reaches a minimum at optimal operating conditions. - Combustion, thermal, and volumetric efficiencies are other metrics used to characterize engine performance.

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Adnan Abu Awwad
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50 views

Engine Operating Characteristics 2

This document discusses various operating characteristics of internal combustion engines, including: - Torque and power are measured using dynamometers, and engines can be designed for high torque or high speed. - Air-fuel ratio is the ratio of air to fuel mass, with stoichiometric being around 15:1. Gasoline engines typically run between 12-18 while diesel engines run leaner between 18-70. - Specific fuel consumption is a measure of fuel efficiency defined as the ratio of fuel flow to engine power, with units of kg/kWh. It reaches a minimum at optimal operating conditions. - Combustion, thermal, and volumetric efficiencies are other metrics used to characterize engine performance.

Uploaded by

Adnan Abu Awwad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internal Combustion Engines

Engine Operating Characteristics


Lecture 2

Internal Combustion Engines 1


Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Torque & Power
• The most common method for measuring power
is by using dynamometers.
• A dynamometer absorbs the engine power by
braking it and measuring the force required to do
so.
• Different types of dynamometers exist: friction,
hydraulic, electromagnetic or electrical.

Internal Combustion Engines 2


Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Torque & Power
• A turning moment around the shaft (Torque)
can be measured from the reaction on the dyno
and so power can be calculated:
P=2T*N

Internal Combustion Engines 3


Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Torque & Power
• It can be seen that the maximum power is
linked with the maximum speed and
maximum torque.
• Engines can be designed to achieve
power through high torque or high speed.
• Heavy duty vehicles are designed on a
high torque / low speed basis.
• While passenger cars are designed to
yield their maximum power at high speeds.

Internal Combustion Engines 4


Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Torque & Power
• Torque starts decreasing
after reaching a maximum
because of the decreasing
ability of the engine to take a
full charge at high speeds.

• Brake power also starts to


decrease at high speeds
while indicated power
increases. This is due to the
increasing friction losses
which become the dominant
factor.

Internal Combustion Engines 5


Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Air/Fuel Ratio
• Ratio of air mass to fuel mass used in
combustion:
A/F = ma / mf
• Ideal (Stoichiometric) A/F ratios are
around 15:1
• If more fuel is added, the mixture is called
a rich mixture (A/F  15).
• If excess air is added, the mixture is called
a lean mixture (A/F  15).
Internal Combustion Engines 6
Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Air/Fuel Ratio
• Gasoline engines usually run with A/F in
the range of (12-18).
• Diesel engines usually run very lean
(18-70).

Internal Combustion Engines 7


Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Specific Fuel Consumption
• Fuel consumption can be expressed in terms of
(l/100 km).
• This method is dependant on the drive cycle
used. For example:
• A more scientific way to evaluate fuel
consumption is by using the term specific fuel
consumption (sfc).

Internal Combustion Engines 8


Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Specific Fuel Consumption
• The ratio of the rate of fuel flow to the
engine power:
sfc = fuel consumption /Power
• sfc is usually given in units of
kg/kW.hr.
• It can be given as the ifsc (using indicated
power) or more commonly as the bsfc
(using brake power).
Internal Combustion Engines 9
Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Specific Fuel Consumption
• The bsfc initially
decreases with
increasing speed due
to the relative decrease
of heat losses.
• The curve then reaches
a minimum and then
starts to increase as the
brake power starts to
drop due to friction
losses.
Internal Combustion Engines 10
Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Specific Fuel Consumption
• bsfc & rc:
– bsfc decreases with the increase of the
compression ratio due to the increase of the
thermal efficiency.
• bsfc & A/F ratio:
– bsfc reaches a minimum near
stoichiometry.
• bsfc & engine size:
– bsfc decreases with increasing engine size
Internal Combustion Engines 11
Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Combustion Efficiency
• A measure of the combustion quality or
the fraction of fuel that burns:
c = Q / mf (C.V.)
– Q: Heat released/cycle
– mf : mass of fuel/cycle
– C.V.: Calorific value of the fuel
• Combustion efficiency is usually over 95%
and in many cases can be assumed to be
equal to 1.
Internal Combustion Engines 12
Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Thermal Efficiency
• The ratio of the generated work to the heat
released from the fuel:
t = W / Q
t = W / (c mf C.V.)

• It can be related to the compression ratio


and the thermodynamics of the cycle.
• It can be represented as indicated or
brake thermal efficiency.
Internal Combustion Engines 13
Engine Operating Characteristics : 2
Volumetric Efficiency
• Ratio of the actual mass of inhaled mixture
in one cylinder / cycle to the theoretical
mass that could be inducted in the
cylinder:
v = ma /  Vd

• It can reach 90% at wide open throttle


conditions and drops dramatically when
throttle is closed in S.I. engines.
Internal Combustion Engines 14
Engine Operating Characteristics : 2

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