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Introduction To Education

Psychological foundations of education refer to how psychological theories can be applied to educational settings to understand learning and development. Key theories include behaviorism, cognitive development, social learning theory, and constructivism. Learning involves acquiring knowledge through various processes like conditioning, observation, and hands-on experience. Maturation refers to natural development as students age physically, cognitively, and emotionally. Psychology informs instructional design, assessment, classroom management, and inclusive practices to create an effective learning environment. Teachers implement cognitive strategies like active learning, feedback, and scaffolding to engage students' thinking.

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Kamran Abdullah
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69 views

Introduction To Education

Psychological foundations of education refer to how psychological theories can be applied to educational settings to understand learning and development. Key theories include behaviorism, cognitive development, social learning theory, and constructivism. Learning involves acquiring knowledge through various processes like conditioning, observation, and hands-on experience. Maturation refers to natural development as students age physically, cognitively, and emotionally. Psychology informs instructional design, assessment, classroom management, and inclusive practices to create an effective learning environment. Teachers implement cognitive strategies like active learning, feedback, and scaffolding to engage students' thinking.

Uploaded by

Kamran Abdullah
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to

Education
Presentation From
BS EDUCATION Spring (2023-27) Group 6
Kamran,Muzammal,Sabeen,Pakeeza
Presentation to
Dr. Tariq Saleem Ghayyur, Lecturer
5. Psychological
foundations of Education
Psychological foundations of education refer to the study of how
psychological theories and principles can be applied to educational
settings. This field is concerned with understanding how individuals
learn and develop, as well as the factors that influence their learning
and development.
There are several key psychological theories and
principles that are relevant to education, including:
• Behaviorism: This theory emphasizes the importance of the environment in shaping behavior. Behaviorists
believe that individuals learn through reinforcement and punishment, and that behavior can be modified through
conditioning.
• Cognitive development: This theory focuses on how individuals acquire knowledge and understanding. It
emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes such as perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving.
• Social learning theory: This theory emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling the behavior of
others. It suggests that individuals can learn new behaviors and skills by watching others and imitating their
actions.
• Multiple intelligences theory: This theory proposes that there are multiple types of intelligence, including
linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. It suggests
that individuals have different strengths and weaknesses across these different types of intelligence.
• Constructivism: This theory emphasizes the importance of active, hands-on learning. It suggests that
individuals learn best when they are actively engaged in the learning process and when they can construct their
own understanding of the material.
• Overall, understanding these and other psychological theories and principles can help educators design effective
5.1. Learning
• Learning is the process of acquiring new knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors,
or values. In the context of education, learning is the primary goal of teaching
and is crucial to the success of students. Effective learning in education requires
a combination of factors, including engagement, motivation, and active
participation.
Types of Learning
• Classical conditioning: This type of learning occurs when an association is made between a previously neutral
stimulus and a reflexive response. For example, Pavlov's dogs learned to associate the sound of a bell with the
delivery of food and began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone.
• Operant conditioning: This type of learning occurs when behavior is shaped by consequences. Reinforcement
(rewards) or punishment (consequences) are used to increase or decrease the likelihood of a particular
behavior. For example, a child may learn to clean their room to avoid punishment or receive a reward.
• Observational learning: Also known as modeling, this type of learning occurs when individuals learn by
watching others. For example, children may learn how to tie their shoes by observing their parents or older
siblings.
• Cognitive learning: This type of learning involves acquiring knowledge and understanding concepts. Examples
include memorizing facts, understanding mathematical formulas, and developing critical thinking skills.
• Experiential learning: This type of learning occurs through hands-on experiences, such as conducting a
science experiment or participating in a service learning project.
• Social learning: This type of learning occurs through interactions with others, such as collaborating with peers
on a project or observing a teacher or mentor.
• Self-directed learning: This type of learning involves taking responsibility for one's own learning and setting
personal goals.
Maturation
• Maturation in education refers to the process of natural and gradual development
that occurs as students grow and age. This process involves changes in physical,
cognitive, and social-emotional development that affect students' learning and
behavior in the classroom.
Types of Maturation
• Physical maturation involves changes in height, weight, and the development of
secondary sexual characteristics. This can affect students' ability to participate in
certain activities, their overall health, and their attention span.
• Cognitive maturation the development of cognitive processes such as memory,
attention, reasoning, and problem-solving skills. As students mature, they are
able to understand and learn more complex concepts, reason logically, and think
critically.
• Social-emotional maturation the development of social and emotional skills such
as empathy, self-awareness, and social relationships. Students who have matured
in this area are better equipped to interact positively with others, manage their
emotions, and have a positive self-image.
5.3. Relationships between
Instruction and Psychology
• The relationship between instruction and psychology is crucial to
providing effective education. Instruction is the process of teaching and
facilitating learning, while psychology is the scientific study of human
behavior and mental processes.

• Overall, the relationship between instruction and psychology is critical


to providing effective education. By using psychological research to
inform instructional design and teaching strategies, educators can
create a learning environment that supports student success and
growth.
5.4. Contribution of Psychology
towards Education
• Psychology has contributed significantly to the field of education by providing
insights into how students learn, develop, and behave in the classroom. Here are
some of the major contributions of psychology towards education:
Contribution of Psychology towards
Education
• Understanding how students learn: Psychology provides insights into how students learn, retain, and apply
information. By understanding these processes, educators can design instructional strategies that align with
students' learning needs.
• Developmental psychology: Developmental psychology has informed educational practices by providing
insight into how children's thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving abilities evolve over time. This
knowledge can inform instructional design to ensure that learning activities are developmentally appropriate.
• Classroom management: Psychology research on motivation, behavior, and social dynamics in the classroom
has informed effective classroom management techniques. Understanding student behavior can help
educators create a positive learning environment that promotes engagement and reduces disruptive
behavior.
• Assessment and evaluation: Psychology research has informed assessment and evaluation practices in
education. Effective assessment techniques can measure student progress and evaluate the effectiveness of
instructional strategies.
• Inclusive education: Psychology research on individual differences has helped to promote inclusive education
practices. By understanding individual differences in learning styles, abilities, and cultural backgrounds,
educators can design instruction that meets the needs of all students.
• Learning disabilities and special needs: Psychology research on learning disabilities and special needs has
5.5. Cognitive teaching strategies
and Teacher
• Cognitive teaching strategies are approaches to instruction that aim to engage
students' cognitive processes in order to promote deeper understanding and
retention of the material. Teachers play a critical role in implementing cognitive
teaching strategies in the classroom. Here are some ways in which teachers can
use cognitive teaching strategies:
Cognitive teaching strategies and Teacher
• Encourage active learning: Teachers can encourage students to actively engage with the material by
asking questions, promoting discussion, and facilitating hands-on activities. This helps to promote
deeper processing of the information, which can enhance understanding and retention.
• Provide feedback: Teachers can provide feedback on students' understanding and performance, which
can help students identify areas where they need to improve and adjust their learning strategies
accordingly.
• Use visual aids: Visual aids such as diagrams, charts, and videos can help students better understand
complex concepts by providing a visual representation of the information.
• Promote metacognition: Teachers can encourage students to reflect on their own thinking and
learning processes. This can help students identify their strengths and weaknesses, and develop
strategies for improving their learning.
• Scaffold learning: Teachers can provide support and guidance as students learn new material,
gradually reducing the amount of support as students become more proficient. This can help students
develop their own cognitive processes for learning and problem-solving.
• Create a positive learning environment: Teachers can create a positive learning environment by
establishing clear expectations, providing encouragement, and fostering a sense of community in the
References
• https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-educational-psychology-2795157.
• https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED610428.pdf
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-maturation-definition-theory-process.
html
• https://www.apa.org/education-career/guide/subfields/teaching-learning
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6946583/

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