Web Essentials:

Clients Servers and Communication:

Web Clients -A Web client typically refers to the Web browser
in the user's machine or mobile device.
Example-Google Chrome, Mozilla & Internet Explorer.
Web Server – It is a computer that runs websites. It's a
computer program that distributes web pages as they are
requisitioned. The basic objective of the web server is to store,
process and deliver web pages to the users.
Communication- The interaction between the computer
browser and the Web Server is called Web Communication.
What is Internet?

INTERNET: Interconnected Network

The Internet is a vast network that connects
computers all over the world.
Through the Internet, people can share
information and communicate from anywhere
with an Internet connection.
Basic Internet protocols
1-Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
2-Internet Protocol (IP)
3-User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
4-Post office Protocol (POP)
5-Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP)
6-File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
7-Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
8-Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
9-Telnet
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
TCP is a popular communication protocol which is used for
communicating over a network.
It divides any message into series of packets that are sent from
source to destination and there it gets reassembled at the
destination.
Internet Protocol (IP):
IP is designed explicitly as addressing protocol. It is mostly used with
TCP.
The IP addresses in packets help in routing them through different
nodes in a network until it reaches the destination system. TCP/IP is
the most popular protocol connecting the networks.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
UDP is a substitute communication protocol to Transmission Control
Protocol implemented primarily for creating loss-tolerating and low-
latency linking between different applications.
Post office Protocol -It is designed for receiving incoming E-mails.

Simple mail transport Protocol (SMTP): SMTP is designed to send

and distribute outgoing E-Mail.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP):

FTP allows users to transfer files from one machine to another. Types
of files may include program files, multimedia files, text files, and
documents, etc.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP):

HTTP is designed for transferring a hypertext among two or

more systems.

HTTP is designed on Client-server principles which allow a

client system for establishing a connection with the server
machine for making a request.

The server acknowledges the request initiated by the client

and responds accordingly.
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS):
HTTPS is abbreviated as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure is a
standard protocol to secure the communication among two
computers one using the browser and other fetching data from
web server.
HTTP is used for transferring data between the client browser
(request) and the web server (response) in the hypertext format,
same in case of HTTPS except that the transferring of data is done
in an encrypted format.
So it can be said that https thwart hackers from interpretation or
modification of data throughout the transfer of packets.
Telnet:
Telnet is a set of rules designed for connecting one system
with another. The connecting process here is termed as
remote login.
The system which requests for connection is the local
computer, and the system which accepts the connection is
the remote computer.
What is WWW?

It is a collection of websites or web pages stored in web servers

and connected to local computers through the internet.
It is also known as Web.
These websites contain text pages, digital images, audios, videos,
etc. Users can access the content of these sites from any part of
the world over the internet using their devices such as
computers, laptops, cell phones, etc.
Difference Between Internet and WWW?
It is a worldwide network of devices like computers, laptops, tablets,
etc. It enables users to send emails to other users and chat with
them online. For example, when you send an email or chatting with
someone online, you are using the internet.
But, when you have opened a website like google.com for
information, you are using the World Wide Web; a network of
servers over the internet. You request a webpage from your
computer using a browser, and the server renders that page to
your browser. Your computer is called a client who runs a program
(web browser) and asks the other computer (server)
for the information it needs.
What is HTTP?
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application-level
protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information
systems.
This is the foundation for data communication for the World
Wide Web (i.e. internet) since 1990.
HTTP is a generic and stateless protocol which can be used for
other purposes as well using extensions of its request methods,
error codes, and headers.
HTTP request message
An HTTP client sends an HTTP request to a server in the form of a
request message.

Structure of HTTP Request Message

Status line Header fields Blank line Message Body

HTTP Response Message

After receiving and interpreting a request message, a server
responds with an HTTP response message.

STRUCTURE of HTTP Response Message

Status line Header fields Blank line Message Body
HTTP methods:
GET, HEAD, POST, OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, TRACE
URI
Uniform Resources Identifier (URI) is an identifier that is intended to
be associated with a particular resource on World Wide Web.
URL
Uniform Resource Locator(URL) is a unique identifier used to locate
a resource on e internet.
It is also called Web address.
Web Clients :
A Web Client is software that accesses a web server by sending an
HTTP request message and processing the resulting HTTP
response.

Web Servers:
A Web Server is software that accepts HTTP requests from web
clients and returns an appropriate resource in the HTTP response .
What is HTML?
Father of HTML: Tim Berners-Lee

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web

pages

HTML describes the structure of a Web page

HTML consists of a series of elements

HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content

A Simple HTML Document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My Webpage</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>First Heading</h1>
<p> first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines that this document
is an HTML5 document
The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
The <head> element contains meta information about the
HTML page
The <title> element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is
shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab)
The <body> element defines the document's body, and is a
container for all the visible contents, such as headings,
paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.
The <h1> element defines a large heading
The <p> element defines a paragraph
An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content,
and an end tag:

<tagname>Content goes here...</tagname>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

<br>-Line Break
Q1.HTML stands for –

A- High Text Machine Language

B- HyperText and links Markup Language

C- HyperText Markup Language

D-None of these
Q2. Which of the following tag is used for inserting
the largest heading in HTML?
A-<h3>

B-<h1>

C-<h5>

D-<h6>
3) The correct sequence of HTML tags for
starting a webpage is –

A-Head, Title, HTML, body

B-HTML, Body, Title, Head

C-HTML, Head, Title, Body

D-HTML, Head, Title, Body

4) Which of the following tag is used to insert a
line-break in HTML?

A-<br>

B-<a>

C-<pre>

D-<b>
5) Which character is used to represent the
closing of a tag in HTML?

A-\

B-!

C-/

D-.