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How The Brain Works and Parts-Edited

The document discusses how the brain and central nervous system work. It explains that the central nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. Sensory nerves gather information and send it to the spinal cord and brain. The brain interprets this and sends responses via motor neurons. The cerebrum performs high-level functions like thinking and emotion. Different areas of the cerebrum control functions like vision, movement, and memory. The cerebellum coordinates movement, and the brainstem controls basic functions.

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Jhondel Rabino
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44 views

How The Brain Works and Parts-Edited

The document discusses how the brain and central nervous system work. It explains that the central nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. Sensory nerves gather information and send it to the spinal cord and brain. The brain interprets this and sends responses via motor neurons. The cerebrum performs high-level functions like thinking and emotion. Different areas of the cerebrum control functions like vision, movement, and memory. The cerebellum coordinates movement, and the brainstem controls basic functions.

Uploaded by

Jhondel Rabino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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HOW THE BRAIN

WORK S
CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (CNS)

IT IS MADE OF THE :
BRAIN ,
SPINAL CORD
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM (PNS)
HOW THE BRAIN WORKS
 SENSORY NERVES GATHER
INFORMATION FROM THE
ENVIRONMENT ,
 SEND THAT TO SPINAL
CORD , WHICH THEN SPEED
THE MESSAGE TO THE BRAIN ,
 THE BRAIN THEN MAKES
SENSE OF THAT MESSAGE
AND FIRES OFF A RESPONSE .
(cont.) HOW THE BRAIN WORKS
 MOTOR NEURONS DELIVERS
THE INSTRUCTIONS FROM THE
BRAIN TO THE REST OF THE
BODY .
 THE SPINAL CORD, MADE OF A
BUNDLE OF NERVES RUNNING
UP AND DOWN THE SPINE , IS
SIMILAR TO SUPERHIGHWAY ,
SPEEDING MESSAGES TO AND
FROM THE BRAIN AT EVERY
SECOND
DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE
BRAIN
THE BRAIN-3 Major
Areas
1.CEREBRUM – THE
LARGEST PART OF THE
BRAIN
- IT PERFORMS THE
HIGHEST FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS OF
CEREBRUM
 INTERPRETING TOUCH
 VISION AND HEARING
 THINKING
 REASONING
 LEARNING
 FINE CONTROL MOVEMENT
 EMOTION
CEREBRUM OR CORTEX
FOUR SECTIONS /LOBES
WHAT DO EACH OF THESE LOBES
DO ?
1. FRONTAL LOBE -
- REASONING
- PLANNING
- PARTS OF SPEECH
- MOVEMENT
- EMOTIONS
- PROBLEM SOLVING
2. PARIETAL LOBE
MOVEMENT
ORIENTATION
PERCEPTION OF
STIMULI
 RECOGNITION
3. OCCIPITAL LOBE
- VISUAL PROCESSING
4. TEMPORAL LOBE
- PERCEPTION
- RECOGNITION OF
AUDITORY STIMULI
- MEMORY SPEECH
- SPEECH
2. CEREBELLUM
FUNCTIONS
 IT RECEIVES INFORMATION
FROM THE SENSORY
SYSTEMS , THE SPINAL CORD
AND OTHER PARTS OF THE
BRAIN AND THEN
REGULATES MOTOR
MOVEMENTS
 IT COORDINATES VOLUN-
TARY MOVEMENTS SUCH AS
POSTURE , BALANCE
COORDINATION , AND
SPEECH, RESULTING IN
SMOOTH AND BALANCED
MUSCULAR ACTIVITY
3.. BRAINSTEM
 IT CONTROLS THE FLOW
OF MESSAGES BETWEEN
THE BRAIN AND THE
REST OF THE BODY
FUNCTIONS OF
BRAINSTEM
 IT ALSO CONTROLS BASIC
BODY FUNCTIONS SUCH AS:
-BREATHING
-SWALLOWING ,
- HEART RATE ,
- BLOOD PRESSURE , -
CONSCIOUSNESS, WHETHER
ONE IS AWAKE OR SLEEPY.
IMAGINATION NETWORK
 THE BRAIN DEFAULT MODE
NETWORK
 IT IS PARTICULAR LY IMPORTANT
FOR CREATIVITY . IT ENGAGES
IN MANY REGIONS ON THE
INSIDE SURFACE OF THE BRAIN
IN THE FRONTAL , PARIETAL AND
TEMPORAL LOBES .
 IT APPEARS TO BE MOST
ACTIVE ALL SELF
GENERATED COGNITION ;
DAYDREAMING ,
CONTEMPLATING ,
OTHERWISE LETTING OUR
MINDS WANDER.
MAIN THREE COMPONENTS

1. PERSONAL MEANING
MAKING
2. MENTAL STIMULATION
3. PERSPECTIVE TAKING
MIND
 - IS THE COGNITIVE
FACULTIES INCLUDING
IMAGINATION, THINKING,
JUDGMENT , LANGUAGE ,
MEMORY, CONSCIOUSNESS
WHICH IS HOUSED IN THE
BRAIN
Dr. De Bono’s Mechanism
of the mind
 DR. EDWARD DE BONO IS THE
WORLD’S LEADING AUTHORITY ON
CONCEPTUAL THINKING AS DRIVER
OF ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION,
STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP,
INDIVIDUAL CREATIVITY, AND
PROBLEM SOLVING.
 WRITTEN 6O BOOKS AND PROGRAM
TRANSLATED IN 43 LANGUAGES
 Dr. Edward de Bono said,
“the purpose of the brain is
to allow experience to
organize itself as patterns
—and then to use these
existing patterns.
De Bono’s Mechanism of the
mind
The mind is brilliantly
designed to set up
routine patterns for all
our experience.

This is because it is a
self-organizing system.
De Bono’s Mechanism of
the mind
 As a self-organizing
system the mind allows
incoming information to
organize itself into
routine patterns.
De Bono’s Mechanism of
the mind
 The mind, therefore, has a
natural behavior of its own.
We can, however,
intervene so that this
natural behavior is used
more effectively for our
purposes.
 We can develop attention-
directing tools and thinking
structures.
 We can try to set up routine
patterns that are more
effective than the natural ones.
All these things form the basis
for the development of
thinking skills.
 The mind, therefore, has a
natural behavior of its own.
We can, however,
intervene so that this
natural behavior is used
more effectively for our
purposes.
SIMPLE MENTAL CAPACITIES
OF AN INDIVIDUAL
1) Absorptive – ability to observe
and apply attention

2) Retentive – ability to memorize


and recall
* Adopted from Alex F. Osborn, Applied Imagination
3) Intellective – ability to
analyze and judge (logical
reasoning)
4) Creative – ability to visualize,
foresee and generate ideas

* Adopted from Alex F. Osborn, Applied Imagination


Lesson 2 Perceptive Thinking

 Understanding the Power of Perception


 Perceptive thinking may be defined as that
kind of thinking that is aware and conscious,
alert and observant, intuitive and insightful,
open and uninhibited, discerning and
penetrative, sensitive and receptive, keen and
sharp, incisive and wise.
Perceptive Thinking Tools

Dr. De Bono proposed several thinking


tools to create a new area of attention
and to have something definite to look
at and to do. Some tools overlap. The
overlap is deliberate—it is intended to
produce a total picture of overlap rather
than building up a hierarchy.
CAS

Logically this is correct. Philosophically it is correct.


Unfortunately in practice it is not usually considered.
A few people do consider consequences among the
factors, but most people do not. Indeed most do not
unless their attention is specifically drawn to
considering consequences and sequels. All choices
have consequence
PMI

PMI involves looking at the plus, minus and interesting


points in a situation or problem or an invention idea. Since
everybody knows about looking at the pros and cons, the
best thing to do is create a new area of attention. PMI is a
tool for looking in wider sweep around a situation or problem.
PMI process looks at things and think about them. PMI
means looking for the pros and cons, negative and positive,
good and bad points.
RAD

 RAD requires that we recognize and analyze


the situation, problem or invention.
Sometimes we need to categorize and divide
the situation/problem or invention into
component parts to see the details of the
situation, problem or invention.
CAF

 CAF requires you to look at all points or factors


embodied in the situation. At some moments, it
directs attention away from the total situation and
towards component features of the situation or
event. CAP examines both sides, it actually takes
over the other side of the argument and tries to
develop it—even beyond the actual view of the other
person.
AGO

 AGO focuses on and examines what it is that we are


really looking at or aiming for. It is a tool for isolating
an attention area, for looking at something definite.
It develops the habit of pausing in order to determine
exactly what is being considered at the moment.
APC

 APC encourages you to look at the alternatives in a


decision or an explanation so that they do not
assume the first path to be the only one. APC tries
to put a framework to the deliberate operation of
thinking. APC finds other ways in a detached and
observant manner. It is a method for shooting and
fishing questions regarding the situation being
discussed or considered.
OPV

 OPV requires you to look deliberately at the view


of other people involve in the situation,
particularly in assessing the situation and
generating solution-ideas as well as in planning
and decision-making.
KVI

 KVI considers the values involved in assessing the


situation, problem, or invention. It requires you to
look deliberately at the values of every factor in
generating new ideas for solving problems or new
invention idea.
FIP

 With the FIP tool we try to see what really matters.


Not everything is equally important. When we have
a clear view of the priorities, we can choose
between the various alternatives. Which alternative
best matches the priorities? Although the priorities
are used at this stage of choosing between
alternatives, the priorities may have been set up
right at the beginning of the thinking after the AGO
has been done. The stricter you are about priorities
the easier decisions become.
DOCA

 DOCA looks at the design of your solution-ideas,


invention; it considers the possible outcomes, the
problems which may be created by the solution-idea
or invention. It looks at channels for implementation
and actions to be taken.
DE BONO’S THINKING MODEL - The
Perceptive-analytic Thinking System
 is that kind of thinking  A cognitive process we
that is aware and use in our attempt to
conscious, alert and gain knowledge or to
observant, intuitive and understand something
insightful, open and as distinct from our
uninhibited, discerning emotional responses to
and penetrative, things.
sensitive and receptive,
keen and sharp, incisive
and wise.
How to Improve You Perceptive-
Analytic Thinking Capacity
 1.Audit your information intake
 2. Revive your sense of wonder
 3. Develop creative observation skills
 4. Ask questions
 5. Make your reading time count
 6. Organize your information
 7. Monitor info-rich media
 8. Look for emerging trends

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