Before THESE ARE OUR

CONTENTS

we I.The Role of
Health EducatOR

S TART II.The Teaching of

Health Education

III.Trends
Impacting The
Health Care

v.The
Biopsychosocial
Model
T H E R O L E OF HE AL T H
E D UC A T O R
A Health Educator is
“ a professionally prepared individual who serves in a variety of roles
and is specially trained to use appropriate educational strategies and
methods to faciliate the development of policies,procedures ,
interventions and systems conducive to the health of individuals ,
groups , and communities ’’

The Health Educators role is to help promote , echance , and maintain the
health of others .

In January 1979 , the role Delineation Project was undertaken to better

understand the role of a health educator.
 1.implement health eucation strategies , interventions
and programs

7 areas of 2.amdminister health eudcation strategies,

interventions and programs

responsibili 3.conduct evaluation and research in relation to

health education
ty of the 4.serve as a health educstion resource person
5.asses individual and community needs for health
health education

educator
6.plan health education strategies, interventions and
programs
7.communicate and advocate for health and education
 II.THE TEACHING OF HEALTH
EDUCATION
Tthe United States some forty Some of these are:
1. emotional health and a positive selfimage
states require the teaching of health 2. appreciation and care of the human body
education. A comprehensive health and its vital organs:
education curriculum consists of 3. physical fitness;
4. health issues of alcohol, tobacco, drug
planned learning experiences which
use and abuse;
will help students achieve desirable 5. health misconceptions and myths;
attitudes and practices related to 6. effects of exercise on the body systems
critical health issues and on general well being
 7. nutrition and weight control;

8. sexual relationships and sexuality;

9. the scientific, social, and economic aspects of community and ecological health;

10. communicable and degenerative diseases including sexually transmitted infections;

11. disaster preparedness;

12. safety and driver education;

13. environmental factors and how those factors affect an individual's or population's Environmental
health (ex: air quality, water quality, food sanitation); life skills; choosing professional medical and health
services; and choices of health careers.
 ORGANIZATIONS AND AGENCIES
PROMULGATING STANDARDS

In the Code of Ethics of the Society for Public Health Education, Inc.
(SOPHE) it states that "Health educators take on profound responsibilities in
using educational processes to promote health and influence well-being". In
the Code of Ethics (Unabridged Version), Society for Public Health
Education, Inc., Article IV deals with the Responsibility in Employing
Educational Strategies and Methods and states that, "In designing strategies
and methods, the health educator........ should be aware of his/her possible
impact on the community and other health professionals and must not place
the burden of change solely on the target population but must involve other
appropriate groups to bring about effective change.
III.TRENDS
1.
S
o

IMPACTING ci
al

ON HEALTH d
-

CARE
e
m
o
gr
a
p
hi
c
tr
e
n
ds
li
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e
I George L. Engel, a psychiatrist at the University of Rochester,
introduced the Biopsychosocial model or "BPS" in 1977
(Engel, George L.) where he advocated the need for a new
medical model to explain health and disease. However, prior to
this, evidence for the application of the biopsychosocial model
was already found in ancient Asian (2600 B.C.) and Greek (500
B.C.). Although there have been criticisms posed against this
model, it has provided a general framework to guide a great
deal of researches on health behavior models like the social-
cognitive models which include Bandura's Self-efficacy model,
Health Belief Model and others
 The biopsychosocial model ("BPS") is an approach that states that human experience of
health or illness is greatly affected or determined by the interplay or interrelatedness of the
following factors ;
1. biological (concerned with the functioning of the different organ systems of the body and
its coping or adaptive mechanisms like immunity level, genetic susceptibility or
predisposition)

2. psychological (perceptions, thoughts, emotions, attitudes and behaviors)

3. social factors (socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs and practices, poverty, technology,
environmental influences and conditions)

This model shows a direct link between the mind and the body and an indirect link with the
intervening social or environmental factors to explain disease causation.
 This model shows a direct link between the mind and the body and an indirect link with the
intervening social or environmental factors to explain disease causation.
The biological component seeks to explain the cause of illness or disease as a result of the
breakdown in the physical or physiological functioning of the body.

The psychosocial aspect deals with how the individual perceives the health threats and the
state of emotional control, discipline, and motivation to stay healthy. Psychosocial factors can
cause a biological effect by predisposing the patient to risk factors and risk-taking behaviors.

Example: A depressed person may become an alcoholic to temporarily forget his/her

problems which may lead to liver cirrhosis and even death.
 The social or sociological factor is concerned with the individual's perception of his/her
ability to deal with the health threats or health problems and the barriers posed by the
society or the environment towards the attainment of health and healthy lifestyle. This is in
line with Bandura's social cognitive theory dealing with self-efficacy. In contrast to the
traditional approach which explained the disease process as result of a malfunction or
breakdown in the biological functions of the body which is caused by pathogenic
microorganisms,congenital anomaly or trauma to the organ system(s), the Biopsychosocial
model (BPS) states that the disease process is due to the combination of all three factors.
This is more in consonance with Holism or the holistic approach to health which can only
be done through the multidisciplinary approach to healthcare which is being followed by
US and other European countries.
 Characteristics of Effective Health Education (Hubley, 1983):

(a) it is directed at people who are directly involved with health-related situations and issues in the
home and the community like parents and people who have influence in the community or the so-
called opinion makers;
(b) the lessons are repeated and reinforced over time using different methods;
(c) the lessons are adaptable and use existing channels of communication;
Ex. Songs, drama and story telling
(d) it is entertaining and attracts the community's attention;
(e) uses clear, simple language with local expressions;
(f) emphasizes short term benefits of action;
(g) provides opportunities for dialogue, discussion, and learner participation and feedback;
(h) uses demonstrations to show the benefits of adopting the practices.
 Relationship Between Health Education and Health Promotion

The primary role of health educators is to develop appropriate health education programs in consultation with the people
they serve through:
(a) planning
(b) implementing
(c) and evaluating the health plans/programs.

Steps in developing a health education/promotion program (Cottrell et al, 2001):

(a) assessing the needs of the target population;

(b) developing appropriate goals and objectives;

(c) creating an intervention that peculiarities of the setting; considers the

(d) implementing the intervention;

(e) evaluating the results.

 HEALTH EDUCATION TODAY AND FUTURE TRENDS

Historical Developme their capacity must be testing and validation of

therefore necessary in int domains. The outcomes of facilitating learning and
in the twenty-first centur Emerging In the United St discharged quicker due Thus, today's health
to 1) New "healthcare econ a. There is the pres continuing development educator is also considered
early discharge of clients insurance costs and preve unethical practices of s
mandated by the managed Vandenburgh 1999). Due to the heightened as Community Health
technological advances which are occurring by the nanosecond, the health
educator is faced with enormous challenges as well as opportunities due to Worker whose main
the increasing demand of society for health education and preventive care concern is to improve the
and the heavy reliance on technology for the delivery and acquisition of
information via the information highway or internet Today, we see a return health of the people by
to population-based health promotion and maintenance vis-à-vis the
hospital-based emphasis and preference for healthcare during the last few
using different methods
decades. Its emphasis is on the health of the community and the adaptation and strategies.
of healthy behaviors and lifestyle through health empowerment of the
people.
 The call for developing global health
strategies with the integration of health
education and action is now clamor that can
no longer be ignored. Globalization, war
terrorism, social instability, disease, poverty their capacity must be given top
priority. The development, testing and
and environmenta degradation are among the validation of global health training and
key challenges facing the world today action are therefore necessary in
(Otieno, 2005). The pandemic AH1N1 integrating theory, practice and policy
Influenza, HIV/AIDS and severe acute domains. The outcomes of such
respiratory syndrome (SARS), as well as bio- initiatives have the potential for
terrorist preparedness receive utmost priority facilitating learning and teaching on
critical health challenges in the twenty-
and attention from the health capacity-
first century
building at the national level must k
governments of different nations. developed
as well as adequate training for public healt
professionals where concerted action is
undertaken to bull
 Emerging Trends in Health Care

New "healthcare economics" a. There is the present emphasis on primary care and the continuing
development of managed care which advocates the early discharge of clients from the hospital to
reduce healthcare insurance costs and prevent "overtreatment of patients" which are unethical
practices of some doctors and hospitals. This is mandated by the managed care programs in the
US (Rodwin 1993, Vandenburgh 1999). A new stress on health outcomes, as opposed to structures
or processes of care ("Health Outcomes Methodology" 2000) is being done to find out if the
centers have the requisite number of qualified medical directors, nurses, physical therapists,
autoclaves, elevating beds, policies, and so forth. Recommendations were also issued by the
Agency for Health Care Research and Quality which attempted to standardize medical practice for
several diseases based on studies determining the most effective care. b. Providers will
increasingly establish "centers of excellence" to provide services effectively and at moderate cost
(Weiss 1999). ). Only a few centers will perform given operations. Physician resistance will occur,
but the balance of power in health care has already swung to payers (i.e., the insurance and
managed care companies) who will use these facilities instead of local hospitals, where cost and
quality are currently not as subject to the rigorous controls ((Folland, Goodman, and Stano 1997).
 c. Decentralization of care, also known as Medical Prosumerism,
is an emergent issue. Prosumerism is a movement away from
purchasing completed goods and services in favor of purchasing
portions of them piecemeal similar to the do- it-yourself
movement in home improvement. "In health care, similar
prosumerism is encouraged by significant patient opportunities to
gain knowledge through the Internet and medical databases.
Patients now frequently make their own choices as to diagnoses,
EMERGING treatments, medical products, and practitioners". (Toffer 1980). d.
Alternative Medicine is another form of prosumerism (Goldstein
TRENDS IN 2000). Here, consumers use a wide variety of folk practices to
promote health and potentially cure diseases. These practices
HEALTH CARE range from the use of traditional herbs as medicines to the use of
meditation or guided imagery. Acupuncture, acupressure,
aromatherapy, yoga, and massage therapy are other alternative
interventions. e. Medical Globalization. Like other industries,
health care is increasingly subject to globalization. Currently,
U.S. citizens cross borders to purchase inexpensive medications
or ones not available in this country.
 Increasingly, however, they also make the journey to Canada or Mexico
to obtain surgery or other complex procedures at cheaper prices. Savings
result from lower capital, administrative, nursing, and other hospital staff
costs in those countries.
Medical globalization is a trend which is not new to the Philippines. This
is what is now termed as medical tourism where centers of excellence or
hospitals and centers with world- class facilities or amenities have
become one of the foremost tourist attractions in the country. Added to
this is the reality that people from other countries obtain services and
costs of treatments and medications at a very reasonable and affordable
price.
Advances in medical technology
2. The most current development in
managed care is disease management
(Hunter and Fairfield 1997). Disease
management systems "seek to improve A common tool for patient education to
patient compliance with optimal health conserve time and energy is closed-
behavior by promoting proper circuit television where the patient stays
appointment keeping, self- administration in his room to watch the presentation.
of treatments, and proper general health Drawbacks of this method include fixed
behavior in terms of lifestyle issues. or specific time of showing which may
These systems range from simple not be conducive to learning, absence of
ticklers, where a nurse reminds patients follow-up to clarify or explain grey areas
to have their lab values monitored, to and difficulty of assessing the
home terminals or computers through effectiveness of the program.
which data are monitored and clinical
instructions received. It is not yet certain
if disease management will be cost
saving and clinically effective, but there
is potential for this to occur.
thank you for
listening !!!