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2-Modeling in The Frequency Domain

The document discusses modeling systems using Laplace transforms and transfer functions. It covers Laplace transforms, inverse Laplace transforms, transfer functions, and using partial fraction expansions and Laplace transforms to solve differential equations. Examples are provided for finding Laplace transforms, inverse Laplace transforms, transfer functions for electrical networks and mechanical systems, and using partial fraction expansions.

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65 views62 pages

2-Modeling in The Frequency Domain

The document discusses modeling systems using Laplace transforms and transfer functions. It covers Laplace transforms, inverse Laplace transforms, transfer functions, and using partial fraction expansions and Laplace transforms to solve differential equations. Examples are provided for finding Laplace transforms, inverse Laplace transforms, transfer functions for electrical networks and mechanical systems, and using partial fraction expansions.

Uploaded by

heartblade32
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Modeling in Frequency Domain

Laplace Transform
Example: Find the Laplace Transform of

Solution:
Inverse Laplace Transform
Laplace Transforms Theorem
Example: Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of

Solution:
Since the Laplace Transform of tu(t) is 1/s2 and the
given has a shift on the domain, we use the Frequency
Shift Theorem,
Coursework # 1
Partial Fraction Expansion
Case 1: Roots of the Denominator are
real and distinct

Example: Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of the given


function using Partial Fraction Expansion
The number of the denominator will dictate how many sum
of terms will be. Since there are two denominator factor,
there will also be two terms.
We will temporary label the numerators of the two terms as
K1 and K2
Next is to find value of K1 and K2, we will multiply first the
whole
expression by (s+1).
To find K1, let s = -1 to eliminate the last term.

At s=-1
Do the same thing for K2, multiply the expansion by
(s+2) and substitute s=-2 and this will yield to K 2=-
2
`
So the partial fraction expansion of F(s) is
`
Lastly is to find the Inverse Laplace Transform of
the expansion.

Since ,
Exercise: Given the following differential
equation use the Laplace transform to solve for
y(t) if all initial conditions are zero.
Answer
Case 2: Roots of the Denominator are
real and repeated

Example: Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of the given


function using Partial Fraction Expansion
The number of the terms will be the same for case # 1. In
this example, there are three denominators, there will also
be three sum of terms.
The exponent of the repeated denominator is 2, so the
exponent of one term with the repeated denominator will
start at 1, and the other term will be 2.
The process of getting K1, K2 and K3 will be the same for
case 1. Following the process, this will yield to the
following values.

K1=2, K2=-2 & K3=-2


The process of getting K1, K2 and K3 will be the same for
case 1. Following the process, this will yield to the
following values.

K1=2, K2=-2 & K3=-2


Case 3: Roots of the Denominator are
complex and imaginary

Example: Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of the given


function using Partial Fraction Expansion
In this example, there will be two sum of terms since there
are two factor denominators.
K1 can be obtained with same process with previous cases.
So in this case, K1 will be 3/5
For K2 and K3, we will multiply both sides by the whole
denominator.
Arranging terms..
To get K2 and K3, we will balance the coefficients by
equating like terms..

In this case,

This will result to K2=-3/5 and K3=-6/5


The last term can be express as shown by completing its
square.
Exercise
Transfer Function
Control System
Transfer Function
Input R(s) G(s) Output C(s)

A transfer function represents the relationship between the output


signal of a control system and the input signal.

A block diagram is a visualization of the control system which uses


blocks to represent transfer function and arrows for various inputs and
outputs.
Control System
Transfer Function
Input R(s) G(s) Output C(s)

In the context of Laplace Transform, transfer function is defined as


the ratio of the Laplace transform of the output and the Laplace
transform of the input
Example: Find the transfer function represented by
the following differential equation, assume zero
initial condition
Solution:
Taking the Laplace Transform on both sides by using the
differentiation theorem

Then the transfer function G(s) is..


Getting the Transfer Function in
- Electrical Network
Example:
Using KVL loop,
Next, we convert this expressions in terms of vc(t)

by using and
Then we come up to this expression after substituting,
Taking the Laplace Transform on both sides,
Rearranging the terms and simplifying,
Answer:
Getting the Transfer Function in
- Translational Mechanical System
Force F(s) Displacement X(s)
Transfer Function
G(s)

Block Diagram of a Translational Mechanical System


Example:
Draw first the free body diagram with all the present forces
acting on the system
Assume equilibrium condition, so all the forces present must be
equal
to zero.
Next we take the Laplace Transform on both sides, assume zero
initial conditions
Factoring out X(s),
Answer:

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