Scribd
Upload
8 views

Measurement Levels and Stat Tool

Paired t-test

Uploaded by

joshsiquig12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Measurement Levels and Stat Tool

Paired t-test

Uploaded by

joshsiquig12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 50

Basic Statistical Tools for

Action and Basic Researches

Prepared by: Victor E. Corpuz


Activity 1
Direction:

1. There will be 8 given variables.


2. Group the variables into 4 groups.
3. You will be given 5 minutes for the activity.

Hint: There are 2 variables in each group.


Given Variables:

Height

Temperature

Religious Affiliation

Health Status

Sex

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

Weight

Educational Attainment
At the end of the session, the participants
are able to:

1. differentiate the different levels of


measurements;
2. identify basic statistical tools to be used
in the statement of the problem; and
3. use the appropriate statistical tools for
the treatment of data.
The Levels of Measurement


Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio
Why Is Level of Measurement
Important?


Helps you decide what statistical
analysis is appropriate on the values
that were assigned
Nominal Measurement

It is the weakest form/ level of
measurement.
Nominal Measurement

It is the weakest form/ level of
measurement.

Classified as categorical
Nominal Measurement

It is the weakest form/ level of
measurement.

Classified as categorical

The only measurement that can be
used in this is counting.
Nominal Measurement

It is the weakest form/ level of
measurement.

Classified as categorical

The only measurement that can be
used in this is counting.
Example: Religion ( roman catholic,
INC, baptist, born again)
Sex (male, female)
Ordinal Measurement


When attributes can be rank-ordered
Ordinal Measurement


When attributes can be rank-ordered


Are also considered as categorical
Ordinal Measurement


When attributes can be rank-ordered


Are also considered as categorical

Example: health status (below normal,


normal, above normal)
educ attainment (elem, hs
grad, college grad)
Interval Measurement


Considered as scale/ quantitative
Interval Measurement


Considered as scale/ quantitative

Mathematical operations such as
addition and subtraction are used
Interval Measurement


Considered as scale/ quantitative

Mathematical operations such as
addition and subtraction are used

Has no absolute zero value
Interval Measurement


Considered as scale/ quantitative

Mathematical operations such as
addition and subtraction are used

Has no absolute zero value
Example: temperature
IQ
Ratio Measurement


Considered as scale/ quantitative
Ratio Measurement


Considered as scale/ quantitative

All mathematical operations can be
used
Ratio Measurement


Considered as scale/ quantitative

All mathematical operations can be
used

Has absolute zero value that is
meaningful
Ratio Measurement


Considered as scale/ quantitative

All mathematical operations can be
used

Has absolute zero value that is
meaningful
Example: Weight
Height
The Hierarchy of Levels

Nominal
The Hierarchy of Levels

Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest


The Hierarchy of Levels

Ordinal

Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest


The Hierarchy of Levels

Ordinal Attributes can be ordered

Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest


The Hierarchy of Levels

Interval
Ordinal Attributes can be ordered

Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest


The Hierarchy of Levels

Interval Distance is meaningful


but no absolute zero
Ordinal Attributes can be ordered

Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest


The Hierarchy of Levels

Ratio
Interval Distance is meaningful
but no absolute zero
Ordinal Attributes can be ordered

Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest


The Hierarchy of Levels

Ratio Absolute zero

Interval Distance is meaningful


but no absolute zero
Ordinal Attributes can be ordered

Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest


Basic Statistical Tools Used in
Basic Research


Frequency and Percentage

Mean/Average

t-test (independent/paired)

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

Pearson r Correlation

Chi-square

Regression
Frequency and Percentage

Presented in tables or charts

Can be achieved even with just a simple
counting technique

Data can be nominal, ordinal, interval or
ratio
Example
SOP: What is the profile of the
respondents?

Data Obtained: profile (nominal, ordinal,


interval, ratio)

Statistical Tool: Frequency and Percentage


Mean

Simply called the average

Can be achieved by dividing the overall
sum of the values by the number of
values

Data should be in ratio
Example 1

SOP: What is the level of capability of


teachers in writing basic research?

Data Obtained: level of capability of


teachers in writing basic research

Statistical Tool: Weighted Mean


t-test


It is a test for significant differences

Assesses whether the means of two
groups are statistically different from
each other

Data should be in scale level
Example 1

SOP: Is there significant difference in the


IPCRF rating of teachers this year and the
previous year
Data Obtained: IPCRF rating (ratio/scale)

How many groups are being compared? 2


Statistical Tool: paired t-test
Example 2
SOP: Is there significant difference in the
IPCRF rating of teachers in School A and
School B?
Data Obtained: IPCRF rating (ratio/scale)

How many groups are being compared? 2

Statistical Tool: independent t-test


ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)


Test for significant differences

Assesses whether the means of two or
groups are statistically different from
each other

Data should be in scale level
Example 1
SOP: Is there significant difference between the
IPCRF rating of teachers in years 2020, 2021,
2022?

Data Obtained: IPCRF rating (ratio/scale)

How many groups are being compared? 3

Statistical Tool: ANOVA


Pearson r Correlation

Test for significant relationships of one
variable to another variable

Assumption: the data is normal

Data should be scale level
Example 1
SOP: Is there significant relationship
between the age and the IPCRF rating of
teachers?

Data Obtained: age (ratio/scale)


IPCRF rating (ratio/scale)

Statistical Tool: Pearson r


Chi-square

Test for significant relationships

It is a non-parametric test

Data should be categorical
Example 1
SOP: Is there significant relationship
between the educational attainment of
teachers and the descriptive equivalent of
their IPCRF rating ?
Data Obtained: educational attainment
(categorical)
descriptive equivalent of
IPCRF rating (categorical)

Statistical Tool: Chi-Square


Additional Information
Null Hypothesis (Ho)

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)


Result of t-test
Result of ANOVA
Result of Pearson r
Result of Chi-square
Exercise 1
Test if there is significant difference in the
performance of the Grade 10 students
after using peer tutoring.

Pre-test Scores:
5,6,5,8,9,6,7,9,9,12
Post-test Scores:
8,8,11,12,10,11,11,10,9,14

You might also like