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Number
System in
Computer
Science and
IPv4 Structure
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What is bit?

The term "bit" stands for "binary digit" and is the smallest unit
of data in computing. It is a fundamental building block of
digital information and represents a binary value, which can
be either 0 or 1.
1 0

Each bit can be in one of these two states, and they are used to
encode and represent various types of data in computers and other
digital systems.

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What is Byte?

A byte is the smallest unit of data that can be stored in a computer's

memory. It is used to represent a single character, such as a letter, number,
or symbol. Bytes are also used to store other types of data, such as images
and sounds.

The term "byte" comes from the word "bit", which is a binary digit. A bit
can be either a 0 or a 1. A byte is made up of 8 bits, so it can represent 256
different values.
This means that a byte can be used to represent a wide range of different
data, from simple characters to complex images and sounds.

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Bits are typically grouped together to form larger units of information.

For example:

Byte : A byte is a collection of 8 bits. It can represent 256 different values (2^8) ranging from 00000000
to 11111111 in binary, which corresponds to 0 to 255 in decimal.

Kilobyte (KB): 1 kilobyte is equal to 1024 bytes (2^10 bytes).

Megabyte (MB): 1 megabyte is equal to 1024 kilobytes (2^20 bytes).

Gigabyte (GB): 1 gigabyte is equal to 1024 megabytes (2^30 bytes).

Terabyte (TB): 1 terabyte is equal to 1024 gigabytes (2^40 bytes).

The pattern continues for larger units like petabytes, exabytes,

zettabytes, and yottabytes.
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What is IPv4 ?

IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4. It is the fourth version of the
Internet Protocol and is the most widely used version for identifying and
locating devices on a network, including the internet.

Pv4 is a widely used Internet Protocol version that identifies and locates
devices on a network, including the internet. It uses 32-bit binary numbers
represented in a dotted-decimal notation, such as "192.168.1.1", to provide
approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.

However, its limited address space has led to the development of IPv6,
which offers a much larger pool of addresses and is gradually being
adopted alongside Ipv4.

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IPv4 address classes
Class Range Application

A 1 to 126 Available for us

B 128-191 Available for us

C 192 - 223 Available for us

D 224-247
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Reserved for multicasting
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Number System

A number system is a systematic way of representing and expressing numeric values. It defines the rules for
representing numbers using symbols, digits, or characters.

The decimal system uses ten digits (0 to 9) to represent numbers, where

Decimal (Base-10)
each digit's value depends on its position in the number; e.g., 1234
Number System
means 11000 + 2100 + 310 + 41.

THE MOST Binary (Base-2)

The binary system uses two digits (0 and 1), and each digit's value
is based on its position as powers of 2. Computers use binary to

COMMON Number System process data due to their circuits' capability to handle two states (0
and 1).

NUMBER Octal (Base-8)

Number System
The octal system uses eight digits (0 to 7). It is less common
nowadays but is still used in some specific contexts.

SYSTEMS Hexadecimal (Base-16) The hexadecimal system uses 16 digits: 0-9 and A-F. It is favored

ARE: Number System in computer programming for its concise representation of large
numbers.

Roman Numerals Example: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

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Decimal to binary conversion example

Example of 8 bits layout

Base 2 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

Meaning of each bit place:

Base 2 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

Meaning in
decimal 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1
6
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Conversion from Decimal to Binary

(Example-01)
Decimal number is: 25

Binary number is : ?

Base 10 1

Base 2 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

Meaning in
decimal 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1
6
Note : 25-16 = 9
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Conversion from Decimal to Binary

(Example-01)
Decimal number is: 25

Binary number is : ?

Base 10 1 1

Base 2 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

Meaning in
decimal 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1
6
Note : 25-16 = 9, 9-8 =1,
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Conversion from Decimal to Binary

(Example-01)
Decimal number is: 25

Binary number is : ?

Base 10 1 1 1

Base 2 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

Meaning in
decimal 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1
6
Note : 25-16 = 9, 9-8 =1, 1-1 =0
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Conversion from Decimal to Binary

(Example-01)
Decimal number is: 25

Binary number is : 00011001

Base 10 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

Base 2 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

Meaning in
decimal 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1
6
Note : 25-16 = 9, 9-8 =1, 1-1 =0 25 converted completely , so remaining slots can be filled with 0 (zero) as
value
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Conversion from Decimal to Binary

(Example-02)
Decimal number is: 156

Binary number is : ?

Base 10 1

Base 2 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

Meaning in
decimal 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1
6
Note : 156-128 = 28
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Conversion from Decimal to Binary

(Example-02)
Decimal number is: 156

Binary number is : ?

Base 10 1 1

Base 2 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

Meaning in
decimal 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1
6
Note : 156-128 = 28, 28-16 = 12
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Conversion from Decimal to Binary

(Example-02)
Decimal number is: 156

Binary number is : ?

Base 10 1 1 1

Base 2 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

Meaning in
decimal 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1
6
Note : 156-128 = 28, 28-16 = 12 12-8 = 4

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Conversion from Decimal to Binary

(Example-02)
Decimal number is: 156
Binary number is : ?

Base 10 1 1 1 1

Base 2 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

Meaning in
decimal 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1
6
Note : 156-128 = 28, 28-16 = 12 12-8 = 4 4-4 = 0 4-4 = 0 156 converted completely , so remaining
slots can be filled with 0 (zero) as value

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Conversion from Decimal to Binary

(Example-02)
Decimal number is: 156
Binary number is : 10011100

Base 10 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

Base 2 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

Meaning in
decimal 128 64 32 1 8 4 2 1
6
Note : 156-128 = 28, 28-16 = 12 12-8 = 4 4-4 = 0 4-4 = 0, 156 converted completely , so remaining
slots can be filled with 0 (zero) as value

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