Scribd
Upload
13 views

Learning

Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice. There are two main types of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, while operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior. Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood a response will be repeated, while punishment decreases a response. Operant conditioning and cognitive learning both play important roles in how humans and animals learn.

Uploaded by

Priyanka kedare
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

Learning

Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience or practice. There are two main types of learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response, while operant conditioning uses reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior. Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood a response will be repeated, while punishment decreases a response. Operant conditioning and cognitive learning both play important roles in how humans and animals learn.

Uploaded by

Priyanka kedare
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Learning

Is any relatively permanent change in


behavior that occurs as result of
practice or experience.

Elements-
-Change for better or worse
-Through practice & experience. Change due to
growth/maturation is not learning.
- Relatively permanent. How long can not be
specified.
1
Principles of Learning- Classical conditioning

2
Important terms in C.C.
• Neutral stimulus(NS)- It does not evoke a response.

• Unconditioned stimulus(UCS)- It consistently evokes


a response.

• Condition Response(CS)- A response, which is


learned in Classical conditioning.

• Unconditioned Response(UCR)- A response follows


the unconditioned stimulus.

3
• Stimulus generalization-
• Stimulus discrimination-

Extinction- It occurs when the CS is presented


alone without the US for a number of trials.
Spontaneous recovery- An increase in the
magnitude of a conditioned response after a
period of time with no explicit training.

4
Extinction & spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning-

5
Instrumental/Operant conditioning
(B.F. Skinner)

The learning of voluntary behavior through the


effects of pleasant and unpleasant
consequences to responses.

6
Reinforcers and punishers-
1)Positive- is a stimulus/event which, increases the likelihood that the
response will be made again. Eg.-food, praise, prize

2) Negative – is a stimulus/event, when its cessation/termination is


contingent on a response, increases the likelihood that the response
will occur again.
Eg- electric shock

3) Punisher- is a stimulus/event, when its on set is contingent on a


response, decreases the likelihood that the response will occur again.

4) Omission of reinforcement- The effect of this is to decrease the


likelihood of the response that led to the removal of positive
reinforcement.
7
Shaping behavior with positive reinforcement
• Shaping- The reinforcement of simple steps in
behavior that lead to a desired, more complex
behavior.
Shaping- successive approximation

Conditioned positive reinforcer-


1) Primary-
2) Secondary-

8
Behaviorism

Classical conditioning- Operant conditioning-


• A stimulus is presented • The response is made
in order to get a first then reinforcement
response. follows.
• It is about reflexes. • It is about
feedback/reinforcement.

9
Punishment
• Mild punishment- Most effective in the long
run
• Administer it more consistently
• Proper time and place
• People may adopt it & may weaken its
effectiveness
• Mild punishment to suppress one behavior &
positive reinforcement for making another
behavior.

10
Cognitive learning
Mind map- Internal representation of the
environment.
Stimulus-stimulus association

Cognitive process-
1) Selection of information
2) Making alteration
3) Association of items
4) Elaboration of info
5) Storage
6) Retrieval of info 11
Types of cognitive learning

1) Latent Learning- Hidden

2) Insight Learning- Solution comes suddenly

3) Imitation- by watches or hears another do or


say something, and respond in the same way.
-Species typical capacity-

12

You might also like