University of Engineering & Technology

Peshawar, Pakistan

CE 215: Structure Analysis I

By:
Prof. Dr. Amjad Naseer
Civil Engineering Department
UET , Peshawar

Courtesy To Prof. Dr. Bashir Alam

 Welcome Note

• Welcome to Structure Analysis I

• Challenging and Rewarding
• Requires reasonable input work
• Invest at least 3 times credit Hr per week (3 x 3 = 9 hrs/week)
 Recommended Text books
• Structure Analysis by RC Hibbler
 Assignment Submission Protocol

• Each assignment shall be submitted with in given deadline. Late

Assignments will not be marked.

• All assignments shall have Title Page (with name of student, Course

fall/spring semester, year, assignment title and number, page

number etc.)

• All the assignments shall be done individually (unless instructed

otherwise).
 Lecture Availability

• For Lectures and other course related martials contact with

Engr. Fahad Anees Teaching Assistant of Prof. Dr. Amjad Naseer
at

[email protected]
 Topics to be Covered
• Structures
• Structure Analysis
• Structural Elements
• Structural types
• Loads
• Structural Model Idealization
• Support Connection
• Idealized Structure
• Principle of Superposition
• Equations of Equilibrium
• Determinacy & Stability
 What is Structure?

The human skeleton is a

good example of structure
which maintains the shape
of the body, keeps the
various organs and
muscles in the right place
and transmits loads down
to the ground.

Courtesy:
http://www.engr.mun.ca/~swamidas/ENGI670
5-StructuralAnalysis-ClassNotes1.ppt
 What is Structure?
A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to
support a load.
OR

A system designed to resist or support load and dissipate

energy
o Building Structures
o Houses
o Skyscrapers
o Anything designed for continuous human occupation

o Non-building Structures
o Bridges
o Tunnels
o Dams
 What is Structure?

• structures are composed of one or more solid elements. These

elements are arranged in such a manner that the whole
structure as well as its components are capable of holding
themselves without appreciable geometric change during
loading and unloading.

• In other branches of engineering, ship and aircraft frames,

tanks, pressure vessels, mechanical systems, and electrical
supporting structures are important.
 What is Structure?
• In case of a building structures, Structure can be defined as
Combinations of members that takes load, transfer it from one
member to another and finally to ground safely.

Girder

Beams

Columns

Steel Building
 What is Structure?

• Building

A building structure safely

transmits loads down to
Earth.

Courtesy:
http://www.engr.mun.ca/~swamidas/ENGI670
5-StructuralAnalysis-ClassNotes1.ppt
 What is Structure?

• Bridges
 What is Structural Analysis?
structural analysis is to determine the reactions, internal forces and
deformations at any point of a given structure caused by applied loads and
forces.

OR

The prediction of the performance of a structure under prescribed loads

and/or other external effects.

The performance characteristics are:

• Stresses i.e. axial force, shear force and bending moment

• Deflections

• Support Reactions
 What is Structural Analysis?

The determination of internal actions and deformations of a

structure is called Structural Analysis.

Structural Analysis

Internal Actions Deformations

-Flexural Stresses -Translation
-Shear Stresses -Rotations
-Axial Stresses
-Torsional Stresses
 What is Structural Design?

Knowing the expected loads and span lengths of the members,

finding the required material properties and cross-sectional
dimensions is called Design of Structure.
 Structural Elements

The parts of which a structure is composed are called Structural

elements.
Some of the more common elements from which structures are
composed are as follows.
• Tie Rods
• Beams
• Struts
• Columns & Beam Columns
 Structural Elements
 Tie Rods

• Structural members subjected to a tensile force are often referred

to as tie rods or bracing struts.
• Due to the nature of this load, these members are rather slender,
and are often chosen from rods, bars, angles, or channels.
 1 kN

1 kN

Tension Compression

Courtesy: http://www.engr.mun.ca/~swamidas/ENGI6705-StructuralAnalysis-ClassNotes1.ppt
 Question
For Tension we can use member of smaller cross-sectional
dimensions but not for compression why?

Compressive force

Tensile force
Compressive force
Buckling
 Tensile Failure Compressive Failure

Courtesy: http://www.engr.mun.ca/~swamidas/ENGI6705-StructuralAnalysis-ClassNotes1.ppt
 Structural Elements
 Beams

Beams are usually straight horizontal members used primarily

to carry vertical/transverse loads.
Beams are primarily designed to resist Bending Moment and
Shear Force.

Beams can be made of Steel , Concrete , Reinforced Concrete

or Timber. 1 kN

Bending
 Structural Elements
 Struts

A strut is a structural element designed to resist axial

compression.
A strut may be horizontal, vertical or inclined.
A vertical strut is also called column.
 Structural Elements
 Columns and Beam Columns:

Members that are generally vertical and resist axial compressive

loads are referred to as columns. Columns are Vertical struts .
columns subjected to both an axial load and a bending moment
as shown in the figure. These members are referred to as beam
columns.
 Classification of Structures

Based on geometry structures are classified in to following types.

• Skeletal Structures

• Surface Structures

• Solid Structures
 Classification of Structures
 Skeletal Structures

Those structures in which the Cross-Sectional dimensions of

members are less as compared to its length are called Skeletal
Structures.
Skeletal structures Can be idealized to a series of straight or
curved lines.
Beams, Columns, Frames, Trusses , Cables & Arches are the
example of skeletal structures.
 Classification of Structures
 Surface Structures

Those structures where two dimensions (length and width) are

greater than its third one (thickness) are called surface structures.
Surface structures can be idealized to a straight or curved surfaces.
Surface structures may be flexible (membrane) or rigid (shells).
Walls, Shells , Domes & Slabs are the example of surface
structures.
 Classification of Structures
 Solid Structures

All the remaining structures are Solid Structures.

Those structures in which all the three dimensions are larger are
called Solid Structures.
Dams, Retaining walls etc are the examples of solid structures.
 Forms/Types of Structures

Structural Forms

Cables Arches Frames Trusses Beams

Surfaces

Membranes Plates Shells

 Forms/Types of Structures
Cables:
Cables are usually flexible and carry their loads in tension.
Cables stretch well and are light, so they are useful in large
span structures.
Cable is flexible and in-extensible; hence does not resist any
bending moment or shear force; same as truss bar.
Cable is in-extensible, hence the length is always constant.
 Forms/Types of Structures
Cables are mostly used in long span bridges.

Suspension Bridge Cable Stayed Bridge

 Forms/Types of Structures
Hanger Tower

Cable

Cable
Anchorage Road Way

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco

 Forms/Types of Structures
Arches:
The arch achieves its strength in compression, since it has a reverse
curvature to that of the cable.
An arch must also resist bending and shear depending upon how it is
loaded & shaped (an ideal arch will have no secondary effects).

Chinese Moon Bridge

 Arch

An Ideal Arch carries load in

pure axial compression.

Courtesy: http://docs.neu.edu.tr/staff/rifat.resatoglu/CE381_1_7.ppt
 Forms/Types of Structures
Frames:
• Frames are often used in buildings and are composed of beams and
columns that are either pin or fixed connected.
• Frames can be extend in two (plane frames) or three dimensions
(space frames).
• The loading on a frame causes
bending of its members, and if
it has rigid joint connections.
Forms/Types of Structures

Frame members are subjected to internal

axial, shear, and moment loadings.
 Forms/Types of Structures
Frame Structural Components

Beams Column Girder

Girders Load
Columns
Floors
Foundations

Beam
 Forms/Types of Structures
Frame Structure Loading Path
Floor/slab or Roof

Beams

Girders

Columns

Foundation

Soil/Bedrock
 Forms/Types of Structures

Shape Stability Exercise

See which shape is the most stable ?

Rectangle OR Triangle

All Joints are Pin joints

Rectangle
Advantages
Proficient in
resisting vertical
load.
Disadvantages
No lateral support
Triangle
Advantages
Able to withstand
lateral & vertical
loading
Many triangular shapes
available
Disadvantage
Wide base
Can the unstable shapes be made
stable?

How?
Rectangle
Advantages
Proficient in
resisting vertical
load.
Disadvantages
No lateral
(horizontal) load
Need another bar support
for lateral
support!
--BRACING--
 Forms/Types of Structures
Truss
Combination of square and triangle
Squares Triangles
Forms/Types of Structures

Bridge Truss
 Forms/Types of Structures
Beam:
A beam is a structural element that carries load primarily in
bending (flexure).
Beams generally carry vertical or transverse gravitational forces but
can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e. loads due to an
earthquake or wind).
The loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or
girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent structural
compression members.
 Forms/Types of Structures
Types of Beams on the basis of support:

Name of the beam?

 Forms/Types of Structures
Types of Beams based on Material:

1. Concrete beams

Concrete Beam

Image Courtesy: Google

 Forms/Types of Structures
Types of Beams on the basis of Material:
2. Steel or Aluminum beams

Steel Beam
 Forms/Types of Structures
Types of Beams on the basis of Material:
2. Timber beams

Timber beams

Image Courtesy: Google

 Forms/Types of Structures
Surface structures:
The surface structures are classified in to the following types.
• Membranes
• Plates
• Shells
 Forms/Types of Structures

Membranes:
• These are thin sheets of
material
• Resist applied loads by tension.
• This is a two-dimensional
cable.
Examples are tents, sails, balloons
etc Image Courtesy: Google

Note: A two-dimensional Arch is called a Dome.

 Forms/Types of Structures
Plates:
Plates are flat surfaces that transfer loads by bending in a manner
like beams.

Flat Plate
Image Courtesy: http://docs.neu.edu.tr/staff/rifat.resatoglu/CE381_1_7.ppt
 Forms/Types of Structures
Shells:
Shell is rigid surface that transfers loads in two directions.
The primary difference between a plate and a shell is that the
shell has curvature whereas the plate does not.
 Loads
Factors which when act on any structure will produce internal
actions and deformations. The loads on a structures are determined
after finding the structural dimensions.

The loads define the type of structure to be constructed.

Once the structural form has been decided, the actual design begins.

The design of structure starts with those elements which are

subjected first to the primary loads.

For example, first the slabs are designed then beams, then columns
and then footing.
Loads are specified in: General Building Codes& Design Codes
 Loads
The objective of a structural engineer is to design a structure that
will be able to withstand all the loads to which it is subjected
while serving its intended purpose throughout its intended life
span.
 Loads
Types of Loads:

Loads

Dynamic
Static Load
Load

Dead Loads • Blast Loads

Live Loads • Wind Loads
• Earthquake Loads
Snow Load etc. • Hydrostatic and Soil
Pressure etc.
 Structural Model Idealization
Support Connection

A beam have a variety of supports.

(a) - roller

(b) - pinned

(c) - fixed

Image Courtesy: http://docs.neu.edu.tr/staff/rifat.resatoglu/CE381_1_7.ppt

 Structural Model Idealization
Support Connection
1) Roller Support
One Degree of Restrain i.e in vertical direction perpendicular to plane
Ө ≠ 0 ( Rotational Displacement can occur)

∆h≠ 0 (Horizontal displacement can occur)

∆v= 0 (Vertical displacement can not occur)

Fy

Fy Roller Support on One End of a Bridge

https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-of-supports-reactions-
uses-structures/16974/
 Structural Model Idealization
Support Connection
2) Hinge Support/Pin Connection
Two Degree of Restrain i.e in Horizontal and in Vertical direction
perpendicular to plane
Ө ≠ 0 ( Rotational Displacement can occur)

∆h= 0 (Horizontal displacement cannot occur)

∆v= 0 (Vertical displacement cannot occur)

Fx

Fy Fx
Fy
 Structural Model Idealization
Support Connection
3) Fixed Support
Three Degree of Restrain i.e in Horizontal, in Vertical direction perpendicular to
plane
Ө = 0 ( Rotational Displacement cannot occur)

∆h= 0 (Horizontal displacement cannot occur)

∆v= 0 (Vertical displacement cannot occur)

M
Fx
M F
x

Fy
Fy Image Courtesy: Google
 Structural Model Idealization
Support Connection
 Structural Model Idealization
Support Connection
 Structural Model Idealization
Support Connection
 Structural Model Idealization
Idealized Structures
A complex structure may be idealized as a line drawing where
orientation of members and type of connections are assumed.
 Structural Model Idealization
Idealized Structures
A complex structure may be idealized as a line drawing where
orientation of members and type of connections are assumed.
 Structural Model Idealization
Idealized Structures
A complex structure may be idealized as a line drawing where
orientation of members and type of connections are assumed.
 Principle of Superposition
Principle of Superposition
• The total displacement or internal loadings (stress) at a point in a
structure subjected to several external loadings can be determined
by adding together the displacements or internal loadings (stress)
caused by each of the external loads acting separately.
• For this statement to be valid it is necessary that a linear
relationship exist among the loads, stresses, and displacements.

= +

68
 Principle of Superposition
Two requirements must be imposed for the principle of

superposition to apply:
1. The material must behave in a linear-elastic manner, so that
Hooke’s law is valid, and therefore the load will be
proportional to displacement.
2. The geometry of the structure must not undergo significant
change when the loads are applied, i.e., small displacement
theory applies.
Throughout this course, these two requirements will be satisfied.

69
 Equations of Equilibrium

The structure or its member is in equilibrium when it maintains

a balance of force and moment.
F  0
x F y 0 F z 0
M  0 x M y 0 M z 0

The principal load-carrying portions of most structures lie in a

single plane, and since the loads are also coplanar, the above
requirements for equilibrium then reduces to
F  0
x

F  0
y

M  0
 Equations of Equilibrium
• In order to apply these equations, we first must draw a free–body
diagram (FBD) of the structure or its members.
• If the body is isolated from its supports, all forces and moments
acting on the body are included.
• If internal loadings are desired, the method of sections is used.
• A FBD of the cut section is used to isolate internal loadings.
• In general, internal loadings consist of an axial force, a shear
force, and the bending moment.
 Equations of Equilibrium
Coplanar system of forces
 Determinacy

When all the forces in a structure can be determined from the

equilibrium equations, the structure is referred to as statically
determinate.

When the unknown forces in a structure are more than the

available equilibrium equations, that structure is known as
statically indeterminate.
 Determinacy
As a general rule, a structure can be identified as being either
statically determinate or statically indeterminate by drawing free-
body diagrams of all its members, or selective parts of its members,
and then comparing the total number of unknown reactive force and
moment components with the total number of available equilibrium
equations. For a coplanar structure there are at most three
equilibrium equations for each part.
If there is a total of n parts and r force and moment reaction
components, we have
r = 3n statically determinate
r > 3n statically indeterminate
 References

• Structural Analysis by R. C. Hibbeler

• Online Civil Engineering blogs

• Google