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ES AVRprogramming C FirstPPTs

This document discusses various data types and time delay functions in AVR C programming. It describes unsigned and signed char, int, and long data types and their value ranges. It provides code examples to toggle port pins using different data types. It also summarizes three methods to create time delays in AVR C using for loops, predefined functions, and timers, noting factors like crystal frequency and compiler that affect delay accuracy when using for loops.

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topmotivezz
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31 views

ES AVRprogramming C FirstPPTs

This document discusses various data types and time delay functions in AVR C programming. It describes unsigned and signed char, int, and long data types and their value ranges. It provides code examples to toggle port pins using different data types. It also summarizes three methods to create time delays in AVR C using for loops, predefined functions, and timers, noting factors like crystal frequency and compiler that affect delay accuracy when using for loops.

Uploaded by

topmotivezz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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By the end of this session, you

should
◦Use various be able to:
data types in AVR C programs
◦Implement time delay functions in AVR C
programs.
◦Write IO programs in AVR C

2
Why AVR programming in C ?
• Writing programs in ASM is tedious and
time consuming where as programming in
high level language is less time
consuming and much easier.

• So high level language compilers are


developed for use with MPs/MCs.
The following are some major
reasons for writing program in
C instead of AL.
◦It is easier and less time consuming to write in
C than in assembly.

◦C is easier to modify and update.

◦You can use code available in function libraries.

◦C code is portable to other microcontrollers


with little or low modification.
Unsigned char
• 8-bit data type that takes values in the range of 0-
255(00-FF).
• Is one of the most widely used data types for the AVR.
• In many situations like counter value settings
• There is no need for signed data, you can use the
unsigned char instead of signed char
• Compiler uses signed char as the default unless it is
declared as unsigned.
• We can also an unsigned character data type for a
string of ASCII characters.
Signed char
• It is an 8-bit data type in which MSB is used to
indicate the sign.
• rest 7-bits represent the magnitude.
• takes values from -128 to +127.
• In situations where + and – are needed to
represent a given quantity such as
temperature, the use of signed char data type
is necessary.
Program segment to send vales -4 to +4 to
PORTB
#include<avr/io.h>
int main(void)
{
char num[]={-4,-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3,+4};
unsigned char x;
DDRB=0xFF;
for(x=0;x<=8;x++)
PORTB=num[x];
while(1); //stay here for ever
return(0);
}
On execution of the above program PORTB displays
FCH,FDH,FEH,FFH,00H,01H,02H,03H,04H being the Hex values for{-4,-3,-2,-
1,0,1,2,3,4}respectively
Unsigned int
• It takes 16-bit data type and takes the values
range from 0-65535(0000-FFFFH).
Pgm segment to toggle all bits of port-B 50,000 times.

• #include<avr/io.h>
Int main(void)
{
Unsigned int z;
DDRB=0XFF;
For(z=0;z<5000;z++)
{
PORTB=0x55;
PORTB=0XAA;
}
While(1);
Return(0);
}
Signed int
• It is a 16-bit data type that uses MSB to
represent sign(+ or -).
• The magnitude of the number is represented
by 15 bits (D0-D14) and takes the values from -
32768 to +32767.
• AVR c-compiler support long data type when
values are greater than 16-bit.
• For fractional numbers AVR C-compiler support
float or double data type.
Pgm segmen to toggle all bits of Port-B
100,000 times.
• #include<avr/io.h>
• Int main(void)
• Unsigned long z; //since it is more than 65535
• DDRB=0xFF;\
• For(z=0;z<10000,z++)
• {
• PORTB=0x55;
• PORTB=0xAA;
• }
• While(1);
• Return(0);
• }
Time delay
• In AVR C,we can create time delays I n 3
different ways.
• 1.using simple for loop
• 2.using pre-defined function
• 3.using AVR timers.
• While using time delays using for loop,take
care of two factors that affect the accuracy of
the time delay.
1.Crystal frequency
- frequency of the crystal connected to the XTAL1-
XTAL2 is the most important factor in the delay
calculation.
-Duration of clock period for the instruction cycle is
the function of this crystal frequency.
2.Compiler used:-
-different compiler produces different hex code.
-This will produce different time delays for the same
program.
-So using for loop to write delay for C ,we have to
measure the exact time duration using oscilloscope.
• Another way of generating time delay is to use
predefined function such as _delay_ms() and
_delay_us() defined in delay.h in WinAVR or
_delay_ms() and delay_us() defined in delay.h
in CodeVision.
• The only drawback of using these functions is
the portability problem because different
compilers do not use the same name for delay
function.

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