SOURCES OF DATA

Locale of the Study

Respondents/Participants

Sampling Method
Sampling Procedure and the
Sample
Population

entiregroup that you want to

conclude about
Sampling Procedure and the
Sample
Sample

specific group that you will

collect data from which also
refers as the subset in a
population.
Sampling Procedure and the
Sample
Sample

A sample (n) is a selection of

respondents for a research study
to represent the total population
(N).

The following are the reasons for the use of samples:
1. A sample saves time compared to making a full census that takes more
time.
2. A sample saves money because it is less expensive than carrying out
because it is less costly than conducting a complete census.
3. A sample allows you to pay more attention to a number of elements than
when doing a census.
4. There is a larger error in reporting the results of a census by inexperienced
interviewers. There are fewer sampling errors in a survey.
5. Some studies in the industry may only be performed on a sample of items.
For example, testing the length of time a battery will last.
Sampling frame
The sampling frame is the actual
list of individuals that the sample
will be drawn from. Ideally, it
should include the entire target
population (and nobody who is not
part of that population).
Example: Sampling frame. You are doing research
on working conditions at a social media marketing
company. Your population is all 1000 employees of
the company. Your sampling frame is the
company’s HR database, which lists the names and
contact details of every employee.
Probability sampling methods
Probability sampling means that every
member of the population has a chance
of being selected. It is mainly used in
quantitative research. If you want to
produce results that are representative
of the whole population, probability
sampling techniques are the most valid
choice
Non-probability sampling methods

Non-probability sampling is a sampling method

that uses non-random criteria like the availability,
geographical proximity, or expert knowledge of
the individuals you want to research in order to
answer a research question.
 Slovin’s Formula in Determining Sample
Size
The sample size can be
obtained by the formula ;
where n is the sample size, N
is the total population, and e
is the margin of error.


Example: A researcher wants to conduct a survey. If the population
of a big college is 35,000, find the sample size if the margin of error
is 5%.
 TYPES OF SAMPLING METHOD
I. Probability sampling in Quantitative Research

Probability sampling shows that

each member of the population
has an equal chance of being
selected as sample. This is
mainly used in conducting
quantitative research.
 Types of Probability Random Sampling

1.Simple Random Sampling: In this type of

sampling, every member of the population
has an equal chance of being included as a
sample.

Example:
Selecting a sample size of 100 from 1000
students in a school by assigning numbers to
each student and randomly select 100
students.
 Types of Probability Random Sampling

2. Systematic sampling: In this type of sampling,

every member of the population is listed with a
number, but instead of randomly generating numbers,
individuals are chosen at regular intervals.

Example:
A researcher can give a research questionnaire to
every 4th student that enters the school.
 Types of Probability Random Sampling
3. Stratified sampling: This involves dividing the
population into subpopulations that may differ in
important ways. It allows you to draw more precise
conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is
properly represented in the sample.
To use this sampling method, you divide the population into
subgroups (called strata) based on the relevant characteristic.

Example:
Geographical Regions can be stratified into similar
regions through known variables like habitat type and
elevation.
 Types of Probability Random Sampling

4. Cluster sampling- also involves dividing

the population into subgroups, but each
subgroup should have similar
characteristics to the whole sample.
Instead of sampling individuals from each
subgroup, you randomly select entire
subgroups. This type of sampling is best to
use when the population is dispersed.
Direction: Determine the sampling procedure described in the following examples.

1. The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all
with roughly the same number of employees in similar roles). You
can’t travel to every office to collect your data, so you use random
sampling to select 3 offices.
Sampling Procedure: _________________________________.
2. The company has 800 female employees and 200 male employees. You
want to ensure that the sample reflects the gender balance of the company,
so you sort the population into two strata based on gender. Then you use
random sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and 20 men, which
gives you a representative sample of 100 people.

Sampling Procedure: _________________________________.

Direction: Determine the sampling procedure described in the following examples.

3. You want to select a simple random sample of 100 students of

your school. You assign a number to every student in the school
database from 1 to 1000 and use a random number generator to
select 100 students.

Sampling Procedure: _________________________________.

Non-probability sampling methods

Non-probability sampling is a sampling method

that uses non-random criteria like the availability,
geographical proximity, or expert knowledge of
the individuals you want to research in order to
answer a research question.
Convenience Sampling

isa non-probability sampling

technique where samples are
selected from the population
only because they are
conveniently available to the
researcher.
Consecutive sampling:
the researcher picks a single person or a
group of a sample, conducts research
over a period, analyzes the results, and
then moves on to another subject or group
if needed. Consecutive sampling
technique gives the researcher a chance
to work with many topics and fine-tune
his/her research by collecting results that
have vital insights.
Quota sampling:
 a researcher wants to study the career goals of
male and female employees in an organization.
 There are 500 employees in also known as the
population. To understand better about a
population, the researcher will need only a
sample, not the entire population. Further, the
researcher is interested in particular strata
within the population. Here is where
quota sampling helps in dividing the population
into strata or groups. the organization,
Judgmental or Purposive sampling:
 In the judgmental sampling method, researchers
select the samples based purely on the
researcher’s knowledge and credibility. In other
words, researchers choose only those people who
they deem fit to participate in the research
study. Judgmental or purposive sampling is not a
scientific method of sampling, and the downside to
this sampling technique is that the preconceived
notions of a researcher can influence the results.
Thus, this research technique involves a high
amount of ambiguity.
Snowball sampling:
 Snowball sampling helps researchers find a
sample when they are difficult to locate.
Researchers use this technique when the
sample size is small and not easily available.
This sampling system works like the referral
program. Once the researchers find suitable
subjects, he asks them for assistance to seek
similar subjects to form a considerably good
size sample.
https://dissertation.laerd.com/quota-sampling.php
INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA
COLLECTION
Research Instrument (main data gathering tool)
e.g., Survey questionnaire, checklist

If researcher made- must passed the validity

criteria range
If adopted- cite the author/reference
Include also the process to gather data
Research-Made Survey Questionnaire

1st- validity process

2nd- Communication Letter of Permission to the

OIC Assistant Principal, SHS
1st- validity process

2 - Communication Letter of Permission to the

nd

OIC Assistant Principal, SHS

3rd- Write a Letter to the Respondents, then

proceed with the data collection.
 Research Instrument, Validity and Reliability

Research instrument is very important in

conducting a research study for the result will
serve as the basis in answering the research
problem and selecting the correct hypothesis in
the latter part of the research.
What makes a
Good
Research
Instrument?
What makes a Good Research Instrument?

Valid and Reliable: The instrument should measure

what intends to measure. The instrument should
have accuracy and consistency.

Usable: The degree to which the tests are used

without much expenditure of time, money and
effort. It also means practicability. Factors that
determine usability are: administrability, scorability,
and economy.
 What makes a Good Research Instrument?

Scorable: A good instrument is easy to score thus:

scoring direction is clear, scoring key is simple,
answer is available.

Economical: One way to economize cost is to use answer sheet and reusable test.
However, test validity and reliability should not be sacrificed for economy.