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Atoms 1

The document traces the development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus, who proposed the earliest atomic theory, through scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, Schrodinger, and Chadwick. The modern theory of the atom proposes that atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with the protons and neutrons located in the nucleus and electrons in orbitals outside the nucleus.

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Angelmae Hasegawa
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11 views23 pages

Atoms 1

The document traces the development of atomic theory from ancient Greek philosophers like Democritus, who proposed the earliest atomic theory, through scientists like Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, Schrodinger, and Chadwick. The modern theory of the atom proposes that atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons, with the protons and neutrons located in the nucleus and electrons in orbitals outside the nucleus.

Uploaded by

Angelmae Hasegawa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Atoms:

Development of
the Atomic
Theory
•CHANGES IN VIEW OF
“ATOM”
Democritus

■ 460 BC - Greek philosopher proposes


the existence of the atom

■ He pounded materials until he made


them into smaller and smaller parts

■ He called them atoma which is


Greek for “indivisible”.
•Democritus (400
B.C.)

• Proposed that matter was


composed of tiny indivisible
particles

• Philospher; Not based on


experimental data.

• Greek: atomos
Democritus
■His Theory:
All atoms:
■ Are small hard particles

■ Are made of a single material formed into


different shapes and sizes

■ Are always moving, and they form


different materials by joining together
John Dalton

■ 1803 - British chemist; elements


combine in specific proportions to form
compounds

Solid Sphere Model or


Bowling Ball Model
Proposed by John Dalton
John Dalton
■ His Theory:
▪ All substances are made of atoms that
cannot be created, divided, or destroyed.

▪ Atoms join with other atoms to make new


substances.

▪ Atoms of the same element are exactly


alike, and atoms of different elements are
different in mass and size.
J. J . Thomson
■ 1897 - English chemist and physicist;
discovered 1st subatomic particles

Plum Pudding Model or


Raisin Bun Model
Proposed by J.J. Thomson
J. J . Thomson
■His Theory:
■ Atoms contain negatively charged
particles called electrons and positively
charged matter.

■ Created a model to describe the atom as a


sphere filled with positive matter with
negative particles mixed in

■ Referred to it as the plum pudding model


Ernest Rutherford
■ 1912 - New Zealand physicist
discovered the nucleus

Nuclear Model
Proposed by Ernest
Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford
■His Theory:
▪ Small, dense, positively charged particle
present in nucleus called a proton

▪ Electrons travel around the nucleus, but


their exact places cannot be described.
N ie ls Bohr
■ 1913 - Danish physicist; discovered
energy levels

Bohr Model or Planetary


Model
Proposed by Niels Bohr
N ie ls Bohr
■His Theory:
▪ Electrons travel around the nucleus in
definite paths and fixed distances.

▪ Electrons can jump from one level to a


path in another level.
Er w in Shr odinge r
■ 1924 - Austrian physicist; developed
the electron cloud model

Electron Cloud Model


Proposed by Erwin
Schrodinger
Er w in Shr odinge r
■His Theory:
▪ The exact path of electrons cannot be
predicted.

▪ The region referred to as the electron


cloud, is an area where electrons can
likely be found.
Ja me s C ha dw ic k
■ 1932 - English physicist; discovered
neutrons
■ His Theory:
▪ Neutrons have no electrical charge.
▪ Neutrons have a mass nearly equal to the
mass of a proton.
▪ Unit of measurement for subatomic
particles is the atomic mass unit (amu).
Mode r n The or y of
t he Atom
■ Atoms are composed of three main subatomic
particles: the electron, proton, and neutron.

■ Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in


the nucleus of the atom.
Mode r n The or y of
t he Atom
■ The protons and neutrons are located within
the nucleus, while the electrons exist outside
of the nucleus.

■ In stable atoms, the number of protons is


equal to the number of electrons.
Mode r n The or y of
t he Atom
■ The type of atom is determined by the
number of protons it has.

■ The number of protons in an atom is equal to


the atomic number.
Mode r n The or y of
t he Atom
■ The sum of the number of protons and
neutrons in a particular atom is called the
atomic mass.

■ Valence electrons are the outermost


electrons.

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