LECTURE 2: VECTORS AND

M AT R I C E S

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 CONTENTS

Arrays
Two-dimensional Arrays
Element-by-element Operations
Matrix Operations
Polynomial Operations Using Arrays
Practical Exercises

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 V E C T O R S A N D M AT R I C E S
 Vectors are Matrices are used to store sets of values of the same type
 Matrices:
 Visualized as a table of values
 Dimensions of a matrix are , where is the number of rows and is the number of columns
 All the values are called elements
 Vectors:
 Be either a row vector or a column vector
 Row vector has the dimensions
 Column vector has the dimensions
 Be equivalent to one-dimensional array
A scalar (one value): dimensions (special case)

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 A R R AY S O F N U M B E R S
Arrays of number can represent data:
Year 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
Population 127 130 136 145 158 178 211

Arrays of number can represent a vector, e.g., position vector- location of point in a three
dimensional space can be represented by 3 Cartesian coordinates 2,4, and 5.
 A position vector that points to the location of point A relative to
point O (the origin of the coordinate system) is defined by

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 ENTERING VECTORS (I)

A vector, or any list of numbers, can be entered in a horizontal (row) or vertical (column)

vectors.
Example.
 The data from the previous slide can be entered in rows:

[1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996]

1984
[127 130 136  158
145 127 178 211]
   
1986 130 
or in column: 1988 136 
   
1990  145 
1992 158 
   
1994 178 
1996  211
   

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 ENTERING VECTORS (II)

A vector is created by typing the elements (numbers) inside square brackets [ ].

To create a ROW VECTOR, type a space or a comma between the elements inside the square

brackets.
 NOTE: Matlab is not “picky” about how the data is typed in. Spaces can be typed before and/or after

the sign “=“.

 A space can be added in addition to the comma, or type more than one space.

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ENTERING VECTORS (IV)

To create a COLUMN VECTOR:
1) Type a left bracket [,
2) Enter the elements with a semicolon between
them, or press <ENTER> after each element.
3) Type a right bracket ] after the last element.
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ENTERING VECTORS (V)

CREATING VECTORS WITH CONSTANT
SPACING
 Two common methods:

1. Specify first term : step size : last term

2. linspace (first term, last term, number of
terms)
ENTERING VECTORS (VII)
logspace function creates a logarithmically
spaced vector
Syntax:
 logspace(x,y,n) creates a vector with n values
in the inclusive range from to
- If is omitted, the default is 50 points

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 T W O D I M E N S I O N A L A R R AY S : M AT R I C E S

A square matrix has the number of rows and columns equaled

The number of rows and columns can be different

Notes:
 () matrix has rows and columns
 () is called the size of the matrix

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 C R E AT I N G A M AT R I X
A matrix can be created by typing the elements (numbers) row by row inside square brackets [].

For the transpose of a matrix, enter a prime mark at the end of the array

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A R R AY A D D R E S S I N G ( V E C T O R S ) ( I )

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A R R AY A D D R E S S I N G ( V E C T O R S ) ( I I )

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A R R AY A D D R E S S I N G ( M AT R I C E S ) ( I )

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A R R AY A D D R E S S I N G ( M AT R I C E S ) (II)

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A R R AY A D D R E S S I N G ( M AT R I C E S ) ( I I I )

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A R R AY A D D R E S S I N G ( M AT R I C E S ) ( I V )

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 S O M E U S E F U L A R R AY F U N C T I O N S ( I )
Command Description

cat(n,A,B,C,…)  _Creates a new array by concatenating the arrays A,B,C and so on along the dimension n.
find(x)  _Computes an array containing the indices of the nonzero elements of the array x.
[u,v,w]=find(A)  _Computes the arrays u and v, containing the row and column indices of the nonzero
elements of the matrix A, and the array w, containing the values of the nonzero elements.
The array w may be omitted.
length (A)  _Computes either the number of elements of A if A is a vector or the largest value of m or
n if A is an mxn matrix.
linspace(a,b,n)  _Creates a row vector of n regularly spaced values between a and b.
logspace (a,b,n)  _Creates a row vector of n logarithmically spaced values between a and b.

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 S O M E U S E F U L A R R AY F U N C T I O N S ( I I )
Command Description

max(A)  _Returns the algebraically largest element in A if A is a vector. Returns a row vector containing
the largest elements in each column if A is a matrix. If any of the elements are complex, max(A)
returns the elements that have the largest magnitudes.
[x,k]=max(A)  _Similar to max(A) but stores the maximum values in the row vector x and their indices in the
row vector k.
min(A)  _Same as max(A) but returns minimum values.
[x,k]=min(A)  _Same as [x,k] = max(A) but returns minimum values.
size(A)  _Returns a row vector [m,n] containing the sizes of the mxn array A.
sort(A)  _Sorts each column of the array A in ascending order and returns an array the same size as A.
sum(A)  _Sums the elements in each column of the array A and returns a row vector containing the sums.

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 E L E M E N T- B Y- E L E M E N T O P E R AT I O N S

Command Description Form Example

+ Scalar-array addition A+b [6,3]+2=[8,5]
- Scalar-array subtraction A-b [8,3]-5=[3,-2]
+ Array addition A+B [6,5]+[4,8]=[10,13]
- Array subtraction A-B [6,5]-[4,8]=[2,-3]
.* Array multiplication A.*B [3,5].*[4,8]=[12,40]
./ Array right division A./B [2,5]./[4,8]=[2/4,5/8]
.\ Array left division A.\B [2,5].\[4,8]=[2\4,5\8]
.^ Array exponentiation A.^B [3,5].^2=[3^2,5^2]
2.^[3,5]=[2^3,2^5]
[3,5].^[2,4]=[3^2,5^4]

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 M AT R I X O P E R AT I O N S ( I )

Multiplication of Vectors

u=[u1 u2 u3], v=[v1 v2 v3]

u.v=u1v1 +u2v2 +u3v3

Example:

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 M AT R I X O P E R AT I O N S ( I I )

Vector-matrix multiplication Example:

u11 u12 u13   v11 

u  u21 u22 u23  v  v21 
u31 u32 u33  v31 
 u11 v11  u12v21  u13v31 

u.v  u21v11  u22v21  u23v31  
u31v11  u32v21  u33v31 

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 M AT R I X O P E R AT I O N S ( I I I )

Matrix-Matrix Multiplication Example:

u11 u12 
   v11 v12 
u  u21 u22  v 
 v21 v22 
u31 u32 
 u11 v11  u12v21 u11 v12  u12v22 
u.v  u21v11  u22v21 u21v12  u22v22 
u31v11  u32v21 u31v12  u32v22 

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 M AT R I X O P E R AT I O N S ( I V )

Special matrices
Null matrix 0: 0A=A0=0
Identity (Unity) matrix I: IA=AI=A

Command Description
eye(n) Creates an nxn identity matrix
eye(size(A)) Creates an identity matrix the same size as the matrix A
ones(n) Creates an nxn matrix of ones
ones(m,n) Creates an mxn array of ones
ones(size(A)) Creates an array of ones the same size as the array A
zeros(n) Creates an nxn matrix of zeros
zeros(m,n) Creates an mxn array of zeros
zeros(size(A)) Creates an array of zeros the same size as the array A

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 E X A M P L E O F M AT R I X O P E R AT I O N S

Plot the function

 10 0  x  2

f x    0 2  x  5
 3 5  x  7


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 P O LY N O M I A L O P E R AT I O N S U S I N G
A R R AY S ( I )

f x   a1 x n  a2 x n 1  a3 x n  2  ...  an 1 x 2  an x  an 1
where the function of , degree(order): : polynomial’s coefficients
→ using row vector to describe a polynomial
→ can be described as follows:

Example: [4,-8,7,-5] represents for:

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 P O LY N O M I A L O P E R AT I O N S U S I N G
A R R AY S ( I I )
 To find polynomial roots → roots (a)
 (a): array containing the polynomial coefficients.
 To compute the coefficients of the polynomial whose roots are specified by the array (a)

→ poly(a)

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 P O LY N O M I A L O P E R AT I O N S U S I N G
A R R AY S ( I I I )
Given 2 polynomials:

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 P O LY N O M I A L O P E R AT I O N S U S I N G
A R R AY S ( V )
Plotting Polynomials
 Polyval(a,x): evaluates a polynomial at specified values of its independence variable which can be a
matrix or a vector
- E.g. Find the value of at

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 P O LY N O M I A L O P E R AT I O N S U S I N G
A R R AY S ( V I )
 Example. Plot the polynomial for

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PRACTICE EXERCISES

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 EXERCISE 1
Type this matrix in Matlab and use Matlab to answer the following questions:

 3 7  4 12
 5 9 10 2 
A 
 6 13 8 11 
 
 15 5 4 1 
1. Create a vector consisting of the elements in the second column of .
2. Create a vector consisting of the elements in the second row of .
3. Create a 4x3 array consisting of all elements in the second through fourth columns of .
4. Create a 4x3 array consisting of all elements in the second through fourth rows of .
5. Create a 2x3 array consisting of all elements in the first two rows and the last three columns of .

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 EXERCISE 2
Given the matrix
 3 7  4 12
 5 9 10 2 
A 
 6 13 8 11 
 
 15 5 4 1 
1. Find the minimum and maximum values in each column, row.
2. Sort each column and store the result in an array .
3. Sort each row and store the result in an array .
4. Add each column and store the result in an array .
5. Add each row and store the result in an array .

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 EXERCISE 3

Given the matrices

 7 16  6  5   3  9
A  B  C 
 4 9  12  2   6 8 

1. Find
2. Find
3. Find
4. Find
5. Find raised to the third power element-by-element

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 EXERCISE 4
Use Matlab to confirm that:

20 x 3
 
 7 x 2  5 x  10 4 x 2  12 x  3 
80 x 5  212 x 4  124 x 3  121x 2  105 x  30

Plot the polynomial:

y  x 3  13 x 2  52 x  6

over the range -7x1

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 EXERCISE 5
Given the matrix

a. Find the maximum and minimum values in each column

b. Find the maximum and minimum values in each row

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 EXERCISE 6
Given the matrix

a. Sort each column and store the result in an array B

b. Sort each row and store the result in an array C
c. Add each column and store the result in an array D
d. Add each row and store the result in an array E

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 EXERCISE 7

a. Create a three-dimensional array whose three “layers” are these matrices:

b. Use MATLAB to find the largest element in each layer of D and the largest element in D

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 EXERCISE 8

Given the matrices

Use MATLAB to
a. Find
b. Find
c. Verify the associative law
d. Verify the communicative law

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 EXERCISE 9

Given the matrices

Use MATLAB to
a. Verify the associative property

b. Verify the distributive property

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