SYLLABUS

1 Simple Stresses and Strains

1.1. Define the strength, Mechanical properties of commonly used engineering
materials.
1.2 Identify the nature and effect of tensile, compressive and shear forces.
1.3 Define the terms stress, strain
1.4 State Hook‘s law, define the terms Poisson‘s ratio and elastic modulii
1.5 Draw the typical stress - strain curve for ductile and brittle materials under
tension indicating salient points on it.
1.6 Mention the significance of Factor of Safety.
1.7 Write down the relation between elastic constants E,N,K,& 1/m.
1.8 Compute stress and strain values in bodies of uniform section and of
composite section under the influence of normal forces.
1.9 Calculate thermal stresses, in bodies of uniform section and composite
sections.
1.10 Compute changes in axial, lateral and volumetric dimensions of bodies of
uniform sections under the action of normal forces.
2 Strain Energy
2.1 Define resilience, proof – resilience and modulus of resilience.
2.2 Derive an expression for the strain energy.
2.3 Obtain expressions for instantaneous stress developed in bodies subjected to
–
i) Gradually applied load.
ii) Suddenly applied load
iii) Impact/shock load.
2.4 Comparison of proof resilience in bodies subjected to the above loads.
3 Thin Cylindrical Shells
3.1 Definition of cylindrical shell
3.2 Definition of longitudinal and hoop stress
3.3 Derive the expression for longitudinal, hoop and shear stress for seamless and
seam shells.
3.4 Longitudinal, hoop and volumetric strain and change in dimensions of a
seamless shell subjected to internal fluid pressure
3.5 Design of thin cylindrical shells.
4 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
4.1 List the types of beams.
4.2 List the types of loading
4.3 Explain the terms shear force and bending moment.
4.4 Compute shear force and bending moment at any section of beam.
4.5 Draw the diagrams of S.F. & B.M for cantilever, simple supported and
overhanging beams (for overhanging beams combination of point loads and udl
not included)
5 Theory of Simple Bending
5.1 State the theory and terms of simple bending.
5.2 List the assumptions in theory of simple bending
5.3 Derive the bending equation M / I = σ / y = E / R
5.4 Calculate Bending stress, Modulus of section and Moment of resistance.
5.5 Calculate the safe load, safe span and dimensions of cross section.
6 Deflection of Beams
6.1 Define and explain the term deflection.
6.2 State the formulae for deflection in cantilever and simply supported beams under
standard conditions
6.3 Calculate the values of deflection in the given beams.
7 Torsion in Shafts
7.1 Function of Shaft
7.2 Explain Polar M.I. of solid and hollow shaft
7.3 List the assumptions in theory of Simple Torsion
7.4 Derive the torque equation T / J = fs / R = G / L
7.5 Design of solid and hollow shafts and power transmitted
7.6 Comparison for strength and weight of solid and hollow shafts of the same length
and material
8 Springs
8.1 Function of spring
8.2 Types and applications of springs
8.3 Define the terms related to closed coil helical spring
8.4 State the formulae for the stress and deflection of closed coil helical spring
8.5 Compute the stress and deflection of the closed coil helical spring
8.6 Define the terms related to semi-elliptic or leaf spring or laminated spring
8.7 State the formulae for the stress and deflection of leaf spring
8.8 Compute the stress and deflection of leaf spring
 5 Theory of Simple Bending
5.1 State the theory and terms of simple bending.
5.2 List the assumptions in theory of simple bending
5.3 Derive the bending equation M / I = σ / y = E / R
5.4 Calculate Bending stress, Modulus of section and
Moment of resistance.
5.5 Calculate the safe load, safe span and dimensions of cross
section.
 Theory of Simple Bending
Consider a small length of a simply supported beam subjected to a
bending moment as shown in (a). Now consider two sections AB and CD,
which are normal to the axis of the beam RS. Due to action of the bending
moment, the beam as a whole will bend as shown in Fig (b).
Since we are considering a small length of dx of the beam, therefore the
curvature of the beam in this length, is taken to be circular. A little
consideration will show that all the layers of the beam, which were originally
of the same length do not remain of the same length any more. The top layer of
the beam has suffered compression and reduced to AC. As we proceed
towards the lower layers of the beam, we find that the layers have no doubt
suffered compression, but to lesser degree; until we come across the layer RS,
which has suffered no change in its length, though bent into RS. If we further
proceed towards the lower layers, we find the layers have suffered tension, as a
result of which the layers are stretched. The amount of extension increases as
we proceed lower, until we come across the lowermost layer BD which has
been stretched to B D.
 Now we see that the layers above have been compressed and those
below RS have been stretched. The amount, by which layer is compressed
or stretched, depends upon the position of the layer with reference to RS.
This layer RS, which is neither compressed nor stretched, is known as
neutral plane or neutral layer. This theory of bending is called theory of
simple bending.
Bending Stress
Consider a small length dx of a beam subjected to a bending moment as
shown in Fig. 14.2 (a). As a result of this moment, let this small length of
beam bend into an arc of a circle with O as centre as shown in Fig. 14.2
(b).
LetM= Moment acting at the beam,
= Angle subtended at the centre by the arc and
R= Radius of curvature of the beam.
 Theory of simple bending (Assumptions)
1.The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous (i.e., of the same
kind throughout) and isotropic (i.e., of equal elastic properties in all
directions).

2.The beam material is stressed within its elastic limit and thus, obeys
Hooke’s law.

3.The transverse sections, which were plane before bending, remains plane
after bending also.

4.Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independently, of

the layer above or below it.

5.The value of E (Young’s modulus of elasticity) is the same in tension and

compression.

6.The beam is in equilibrium i.e., there is no resultant pull or push in the

beam section.
 Modulus of Section
We have already discussed in the previous article, the relation for finding
out the bending stress on the extreme fibre of a section, i.e.,
Flexure Formula

M E 
 
I R y
Beam subjected to 2 BM
In this case beam is subjected to
moments in two directions y and
z. The total moment will be a
resultant of these 2 moments.

You can apply principle of

superposition to calculate stresses.

Resultant moments and stresses

 Section Modulus
Section modulus is defined as ratio of moment of inertia
about the neutral axis to the distance of the outermost
layer from the neutral axis I
Z 
y max
M 

I y
M m a x

I
y max
I
M  m a x
y max
M  m a x Z
Section Modulus of symmetrical sections
SECTION MODULUS
1. A cantilever beam of length 2m fails when a load of 2KN is applied at
the free end. If the section is 40mmx60mm, find the stress at the failure.
Solution: Length of beam = 2m or 2000mm load at failure = 2KN
Section dimensions = 40mm X 60mm Calculation of moment of
inertia
I = bd3/12

= (40) (603)/12

= 7.2X105 mm4

Calculation of bending moment about fixed end M = WL= (2)(2)

= 4KN-m
Calculation of bending stress
M /I= σ / y
Substitute for above (where y = depth /2= 60/2 =
30mm)
There fore
σ = 166.67N/mm2
2.A rectangular beam 200mm deep and 300mm wide is simply
supported over the span of 8m. What uniformly distributed load per
metre the beam may carry, if the bending stress is not exceed
120N/mm2.
Solution:
Length of beam = 8m or 8000mm
Section dimensions = 300mm X 200mm
maximum bending stress = σ = 120N/mm2.
Calculation of bending moment for the above condition M = wL2/8
= w (8)2/8
= 8wX106
Calculation of moment of inertia I = bd3/12
= (300)
(2003) /12
= 2X108
mm4
Calculation of Udl
M /I= σ / y
Substitute for above (where y = depth /2= 200/2
=100mm) 8wX106 /2X108= 120 / 100w =3X104 N/m or
30 N/mm
3.A beam is simply supported and carries a uniformly distributed load
of 40KN/m run over the whole span. The section of the beam is
rectangular having depth as 500mm.If the maximum stress in the
material of the beam is 120N/mm2and moment of inertia of the section
is 7x108mm4, find the span of the beam.
Solution:
Depth of beam = 500mm
maximum bending stress = σ = 120N/mm2.
moment of inertia =7x108mm4
Calculation of bending moment for the above
condition
M = wL2/8
= 40(L)2/8
= 5L2
Calculation of length of beam
M /I= σ / y
Substitute for above (where y = depth /2= 500/2
=250mm) 5L2 /7x108= 120 / 250
L=8197.56 mm
4. Calculate the maximum stress induced in a cast iron pipe of
external diameter 40mm,of internal diameter 20mm and length 4m
when the pipe is supported at its ends and carries a point load of
80N at its centre.
Solution:
Length of beam = 4m or 4000mm
Internal diameter = 20mm
External diameter = 40mm
Point load for simply supported beam
Calculation of maximum bending moment
M= W L /4
M = 80 X 4000 /4 M = 80 KN-m
Calculation of moment of inertia
I = π (D 4 –d
4
)/64
I = π (40 4 –20 4)/64
I = 117809.7mm4
Calculation of bending stress
M /I= σ / y
Substitute for above (where y = depth /2= 40/2
=20mm) 80X1000/117809.7 = σ / 20
σ = 13.58 N/mm2
5.A rectangular beam 300mm deep is simply supported over a span of
4m. Determine the uniformly distributed load per meter which the
beam may carry, if the bending stress should not exceed
120N/mm2.Take I=8x106mm4.
Solution:
Length of beam = 4m or 4000mm
Depth of the beam = 300mm
maximum bending stress = σ =120N/mm2
condition: udl for simply supported beam
I=8x106mm4
Calculation of maximum bending moment
M= W L2 /8
M= W (4000)2 /8 M= 2
X106 W
Calculation of udl
M /I= σ / y
2 X106 W /8x106= 120 / 150
W = 3.2N/mm2
6.A square beam 20mmx20mm in section and 2m long is supported at
the ends. The beam fails when a point load of 400N is applied at the
centre of the beam. What uniformly distributed load per meter
length will break a cantilever of the same material 40mm
wide,60mm deep and 3m long?
Solution:
Step 1: Data: case 1: point load application at centre
of the beam Length of beam = 2m or 2000mm
Cross section of the beam = 20mmx20mm
simply supported beam
Calculation of maximum bending moment
M= W L /4
M= (400) (2000) /4
M= 200x103
Calculation of moment of inertia
I = bd3/12
= (20) (203)/12
= 13333.33mm4
Calculation of bending stress
M /I= σ / y
2 X105 /13333.33= σ / 10
σ = 150N/mm2
Calculation of magnitude of udl when dimensions of the beam are
changed Length of beam =3m or 3000mm
Width of beam = 40mm Depth of beam =
60mm
Condition: cantilever beam
Calculation of maximum bending moment M= W
L2 /2
M= W (3000)2 /2
Calculation of moment of inertia I = bd3/12
= (40) (603 ) /12
= 72x104mm4
Calculation of load
M /I= σ / y
W (3000)2 /2 /72x104= 150 / 30
W = 800N/m
7. A timber beam of rectangular section is to support a load of 20KN
uniformly distributed over a span of 3.6m when beam is simply
ssupported. If the depth is to be twice the breadth, and the stress in
timber is not exceed 7N/mm2, find the dimensions of the cross
section. How could you modify the dimensions with 20KN of
concentrated load is present at centre with same breadth and depth
ratio. when simply supported beam of length 3.6m carries udl of
20KN and depth is twice the width
We know that W = w L
= 20 X 1000X3.6
= 5.56N
Moment = WL/8
M = 5.56 X 1000X
3.6 /8
M = 2499.75 N-mm
Calculation of cross sectional
dimensions of the beam
σ = 7N/mm2
M /I= σ /
y
 2499.75/(bd3/12) = 7/(d/2)
b = 8.12mm
d =2b = 16.24mm
when simply supported beam of length 3.6m carries point load of 20K
and depth is twice the width Moment = WL/4
M = 20 X 106X 3.6 /4 M = 18X 106 N-
mm
Calculation of cross sectional
dimensions of the beam
σ = 7N/mm2
M /I= σ / y
18X 106 /(bd3/12) = 7/(d/2)
b = 156.82mm
d = 2b = 313.65mm