Foundation of Information Systems and Society : INSY2011

Instructor: Getachew H.(Ph.D.), Ashebir H. & Fasil Y.

Overview of Computers and

Information Systems
Chapter - One
 Objective
• To enable students to get fundamental concepts and overview
about Information system and Data represented in a computer
system

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 Topics included:
• Overview of Information System
• Information Hierarchy (Data, Information, Knowledge)
• Computer System
– Hardware (The processing unit (CPU), Input unit, Output unit,
Memory Unit, Storage Devices, Communication Devices;
– Software (System Software, Application Software), Data
Representation and Number System
– Data Representation and Number System

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Information System

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Why we Learn About Computers and Information Systems?

• Computers and information systems:

 are the tools that allow you to manage and analyze data efficiently and effectively

 Are tools which makes life easy to perform tasks, make us creative and innovative,
facilitate remote communication, can be windows for the world.
 tools help in providing the right people with the right information at the right time.
• Almost all organizations/institutions and others use computer and information system:
 to improve worker productivity, increase profit, reduce costs, provide better
customer service, speed up time to market, and facilitate collaboration among
employees

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 What is Information System?
• An information system (IS) is:
– a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store,
and disseminate data and information;
– an information system provides a feedback mechanism to
monitor and control its operation to make sure it continues to
meet its goals and objectives as well as increasing their
profits and customer services.

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 What is Information System...
 Another definition of information system:

 is an arrangement of people, data, processes, communications, and

information technology that interact to support and improve day-to-day

operations in a business as well as support the problem-solving and

decision making needs of management and users.

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 Components of Information System
 The major components of an information system:
 Information technology
 the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
 Hardware:
 Hardware is the tangible, physical portion of an information system
 Software:
 A set of instructions that tell the hardware what to do.
 Data
 A collection of facts.
 For example, your address (street, city state, postal code), your phone number
 Organizations collect all kinds of data and use it to make decisions which can then
be analyzed as to their effectiveness.

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Components of an Information System…
 People
 From the front-line user support staff, to systems analysts, to developers, all the
way up to the chief information officer;
 the people involved with information systems are an essential element
 Process/procedure
– A serious of steps undertaken to achieve a desired outcome or goal, such as enter a
customer order, pay a supplier invoice or request a current inventory report
– Information systems are becoming more integrated with organizational processes,
bringing greater productivity and better control to those processes

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 What is Information System…
 Information systems designed to be used by many user are called
multi-user information systems.
 An example is a banking software used to store customer related data that is
critical to the operation of the bank.
• Information systems that improve the productivity of individual
users in performing stand-alone tasks is said to be personal
information systems.
– Examples are Microsoft word, Access, Excel and so on that are used for
personal purposes.

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 Information
Hierarchy
(Data, Information, Knowledge)
Information Hierarchy (Data, Information, Knowledge)
• Data:

– Are raw facts and figures (letters, numbers, special characters

or combination thereof) used to represent events and their state
that convey little meaning by themselves.
– In other words:
• Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed.
• Example 1: Each student's test score is one piece of data

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 1.Overview
Data
 Unorganized Facts and figures which relay something
specific
 provides no further information regarding patterns,
context,
 Data can lack context when looked at singularly

There are generally two kinds of data:

Primary Data and Secondary Data
1. Quantitative Data (Numbers 1....9)
2. Qualitative Data (Letters (A,B,C,D), special characters (@,
#, $, &)
 Information
• Information:
– Processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context
and convey meaning to people, then it is called information.
• Processed can mean:
– Having calculations performed on it
– Converted to give meaning
– Organized in some way

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 Information…
 In most organizations, huge volumes of data are accumulated:

– Data of products, data of customers, data of employees/students

etc

– These data therefore, play an important role in contemporary

organizations and must be stored, managed and processed to be
information.
Data + Meaning = Information

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 Information…
• For example:
– 1. Individual exam marks are raw data, but if you were to process those to
say that the average mark for the class was 53%, or 76% of the students in
your school got a grade A or B, then that is information!
• data about each students performance can give the department how
well a student is conducting his/her education.
2. A red traffic light is a form of data. The meaning we attach to
this data (i.e., STOP) is the information

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 The value of Information
• The value of information is directly linked to how it helps decision makers
achieve their organization’s goals.
• Valuable information can help people perform tasks more efficiently and
effectively.
• Characteristics of Quality information:
– Accessible
• Information should be easily accessible by authorized users so they can
obtain it in the right format and at the right time to meet their needs.
– Accurate
• Information should be free from errors and represent the reality or the
facts as closely

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 The value of Information…
• Complete
– Complete information contains all the important facts. For example, an
investment
• Economical
• Information should also be relatively economical to produce. Decision
makers must always balance the value of information with the cost of
producing it.
• Flexible
– Flexible information can be used for a variety of purposes.
• Relevant
– Relevant information is important because it provides context, significance, and applicability to
a particular situation or problem. Relevant information filters out unnecessary or unrelated
data, ensuring that only the most pertinent and useful information is considered .

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 Characteristics of quality information…
• Secure
– Quality information is secure and protected from unauthorized access or
alterations.
• Simple
– Information should be simple, not complex.
• Reliable
– Reliable information can be trusted to be accurate and consistent. It is
gathered and reported using reliable sources and methods.
• Timely
– Timely information is delivered when it is needed. Knowing last week’s
weather

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 Data into Information
To turn data into information it needs to be processed.
Information
Processing

Data

Data Processing Information

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 1.Overview....
 Information is organized, processed, condensed and
contextualized data
 Data with relevance and purpose

 helps to answer questions or support decision making

 Knowledge
• Understand the information and learn from it.
– We apply rules to it to learn.
– We can then draw conclusions, make judgements or opinions, make
predictions and decisions.
• Knowledge is the result of interpreting information
Example: “We need to order more ink cartridges for the printer” may
be the knowledge acquired after counting the number of unused
cartridges left
• We use knowledge to build up sets of rules:
Example: “It is promising snow and ice next week so we need to
place a larger order for de-icer and anti-freeze.”

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 Knowledge…
• Knowledge is, Facts, information, and skills acquired by a person
through
– experience or education
• Knowledge workers have specialist knowledge that makes them
“experts”
– Based on formal (form of written information) and informal
(acquired through experience) rules they have learned through
training and experience
• Examples include: doctors, managers, librarians, scientists

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 Example

• Data, Information, Knowledge

Knowledge
If we apply knowledge
Information that the speed limit on
Data the motorway is 70 mph
A vehicle is travelling we now know that the
100, M4 driver is breaking the
at 100 mph on the M4.
speed limit.

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 Summary
Data Raw facts and figures

Information Data Context Meaning

Processing

Knowledge Information Rules

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Computer System

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 Computer System
• A computer system:
– Hardware
• All Physical equipment's that make up a computer

– Software
• set of instruction that tells the hardware what to do

– User
• person who use the computer for any purpose such as for work,
business and entertainment to fully function.

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HW and SW Relationships

User Application Operating

Interface Programs System

Computer Hardware

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Hardware

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 Computer Hardware
• Hardware
– is the collection of physical parts of a computer system which
you can touch and sense it
– Examples: Monitor, keyboard, mouse etc
– Peripherals:
• are devices that connects to the system unit and is
controlled by the processor in the computer.

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 Components of a Computer
• A computer has the following primary components:

1. Input unit/devices
2. Processing unit (CPU)
3. Memory
4. Output unit/devices,
5. Storage devices
6. Communication devices

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The Components of a Computer …

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 Components…
• 1. Input Unit
– The input unit of the computer system is used for feeding data and
instructions to the computer.
• Input Units:
• Keyboard
 MICR
• Mouse
 OMR
• Touch screen
 Joystick
• Scanning devices
• Web Cam
• Digital cameras
• Microphone

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 Input device – pointing Devices
Mouse:
• Is A pointing device used to move an on-screen pointer or cursor (usually an
arrow).
• Sensors on the bottom of the mouse detect when the mouse is moved. Data
about this movement is sent to the computer.
• Track balls is also a pointing device like mouse
Touchpad / Track pad
• A pointing device found on most laptops.
• Used instead of a mouse since it takes up less space.

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 Keyboard
• Keyboard: the primary input devices for personal computers.
Whereas a keyboard can be used to enter characters and
symbols, a mouse is useful for selecting menu items and for
drawing.

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 Touch screen
• Touch screen: is an alternative to a separate pointing device
– A transparent, pressure-sensitive covering that is attached to the screen
of the monitor.
– Users make selections and control programs by pressing onto the screen.

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 Scanner
• an electronic device that generates a digital representation of an
image or book pages etc. for data input to a computer

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 Digital Camera
• A digital camera is a camera that encodes digital images and videos digitally
and stores them for later reproduction.
• Most digital cameras do not directly input data into a computer - they store
photographs on memory cards.
– The photographs can later be transferred to a computer.
• Most cameras sold today are digital.

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 Web Cam
• This is a very basic video camera used to feed live video into a computer.
• Usually a web cam is clipped to the top of a monitor, but many laptops now
have web cams built into the edge of the screen

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 Barcode Reader
• A barcode is simply a numeric code represented as a series of lines or
printed bars
• Barcode Reader is an input device that converts a pattern of printed bars
into a number that a computer can read.
• They are often used by businesses to quickly input price and product
information.
– The code for each item to be purchased needs to be entered into the
computer.

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 Microphone
• An input device that converts sound into a signal that can be fed
into a computer
• Allows the user to record sounds as input to the computer.

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MICR( Magnetic ink Character Recognition) reader
• is a technology that allows details from bank checks to be read
into a computer quickly and accurately.
– The check number and bank account number are printed at the
bottom of each bank check in special magnetic ink using a
special font. These numbers can be detected by an MICR
reader.

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 OMR( Optical Mark Recognition) Reader

 OMR Detect and recognize of simple marks made on a document.

 is a technology that allows the data from a multiple-choice type form to be
read quickly and accurately into a computer.
 Special OMR forms are used which have spaces that can be colored in
(usually using a pencil).
 These marks can then be detected by an OMR scanner.
 Common uses of OMR are multiple-choice exam answer sheets.

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 OCR (Optical character Recognition)
• Software that attempts to recognize individual characters.
• is a software technology that can convert images of text into an actual text
file that can then be edited, e.g. using word-processing software).
• The result is just as if the text had been typed in by hand.
• OCR is typically used after a page of a book has been scanned.
– The scanned image of the page is then analyzed by the OCR software
which looks for recognizable letter shapes and generates a matching text
file

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 Joystick
• Joystick is Used mainly for playing games. The user moves the
joystick left/right, forward/back and data about these movements
are sent to the computer.
• Small joysticks can also be found on some mobile phones

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 Component…
2. Processing Unit (CPU)
– is the computer component that's responsible for interpreting
and executing most of the commands
– You may see many different names used to describe the CPU,
• including processor, computer processor, microprocessor,
central processor, and "the brains of the computer.“
• The processor, memory, and storage devices are housed in a
box-like case called the system unit.

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System Unit

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 Components…
• CPU comprises of four components:
– 2.1. Main Memory (Internal Memory)
– 2.2. Register
– 2.3. Control Unit
– 2.4. Arithmetic and Logical Units

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 Components…
2.1. Main Memory:
– Holds the data being processed and also holds the instructions
for doing the processing
– There are two types of memory
• RAM and ROM

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 Components…
– RAM (Random Access Memory)
• Information stored in it and can immediately locate and
communicate the information when required
• Is volatile:
– This means that RAM does not retain its bit configuration
when the power is turned off.

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 Components…
– ROM (Read Only Memory)
• The ROM is used to store any program or data that need to be
permanently resident in memory
• A permanent memory that provides startup instructions when the
computer is turned on.
• Information can be read from ROM but can not be written in ROM
• The instructions in ROM are set by the manufacturer and cannot be
changed by the user.
• ROM is nonvolatile and
• ROM is Pre-programmed Memory

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 Components…
2.2. Register:
– Is a high-speed storage circuitry element
• that hold instruction and data while the processor is
executing the instruction.
• Examples of Register
– Instruction Register - Instruction placed here for analysis.
– Program Counter - Which instruction will be performed
next?
– Accumulator - Results of intermediate computations kept
here

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 Components…
• 2.3. Control Unit:
– Contains the circuit to monitor and control all operations of
the computer
– Accesses program instructions, decodes and coordinates
instruction execution in the CPU.
– It acts as an interface between the peripheral units and the
main memory

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 Components…
2.4. Arithmetic/Logic unit:
– An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a computer processor that
carries out arithmetic and logic operations in computer
 Arithmetic Unit
 Performs mathematical calculations
 Addition, Subtraction, Division…..
 1+2*3-4^2/2
 Logic Unit
 logical comparisons.
 Is used to make a decision on the logical operation
 AND,OR,>,<,>=,<=,==,!= ……

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Summery of the CPU Components

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 Component
Cash Memory:
• Cache memory is a fast storage buffer in the central processing unit
of a computer.
• Frequently used instructions are stored in cache since they can be
retrieved more quickly, improving the overall performance of the
computer.

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 Component…
4. Output unit/device:
– is any peripheral that receives data from a computer, usually for display,
projection, or physical reproduction.
– In other words:
• An output device is any piece of computer hardware after
converting the electronically generated information into human-
readable form
• Output device are:
 Monitor
 Speaker
 Printer
 Projector
 Plotter

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 Monitor
• A display screen to provide “output” to the user. It is where you
view the information your are working on (LCD (Liquid-Crystal
Display or CRT (Cathode Ray Tube).

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 Printer
• An output device that produces a hard copy on paper. It gives
information to the user in printed form.

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 Plotter
• A plotter is a printer that interprets commands from a computer to make line
drawings on paper with one or more automated pens. Unlike a regular printer ,
the plotter can draw continuous point-to-point lines directly from graphics.

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 Speaker
• Used to generate or reproduce voice, music, and other sounds.

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 Projector
• Projector is used to project for displaying video, images or
computer data on a screen or other flat surface. It is a modern
equivalent of the slide projector or overhead projector. To display
images, LCD projectors

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 Components…

5. Storage Device:
– is the computer hardware capable of holding information either
temporarily or permanently.

• There are two types of storage device

– Primary Storage Device
– Secondary Storage Devices

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 Components…
– Primary storage device
• is a medium that holds data or memory for short periods of time while
a computer is running
– Example: RAM

– Secondary Storage device

• device that holds data until it is deleted or overwritten
– Can be removable, internal or external storage
– Example: Hard drive, Flash Disk, CD , External Hard disk etc.

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 Secondary Storage Device…
• Storage devices hold data, even when the computer is turned off.
• The two primary storage technologies are magnetic and optical.
• There is recent technology called Solid state Memory.
• Data can be accessed in Direct or Sequential way.
• There are several types of SSD used today in the world:
– each of these can be compared to each other in terms of portability, speed
and capacity.

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 Cont’d
• Types of SSD:
– Magnetic Tape
– Hard Disk
– Floppy Disk
– Optical Disks
– Flash Drive
– Flash Memory cards

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 Magnetic Tape
• Magnetic Tape is a recording medium that is used for recording
analogue or digital data.
• The capacity of tape media are generally on the same order as
hard disk drives (The largest being about 5 Terabytes in 2011).
• Magnetic Tapes generally transfer data a bit slower than hard
drives, however magnetic tapes are cheaper and are more
durable.

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 Hard Disk
• The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest data storage
device in a computer.
• It is a non-volatile, random access digital magnetic data storage
device.
• Is generally the fastest of the SSD.
• Largest storage capacity, approximately the same as Magnetic
Tapes.
• Hard drives however, are not very portable and are primarily used
internally in a computer system.

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 Cont’d
• A Hard Disk is divided into tracks and sectors.

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 Optical Disks
• Optical disk is an electronic data storage medium from which
data is read and written to by using a low-powered laser beam.
• There are three basic types of optical disks:
– Read-only optical disks
– Write once read many Optical disks and
– Rewritable Optical disks.
• Three main types of optical disks are:
– CD (Compact Disc)
– DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)
– Blu-ray

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 CD
• A standard data storage capacity up to 700 MB of data, or about 70 minutes of
audio.
• There are three types of CD:
– CD-ROM
• CD-Read Only Memory and they function the same way Read Only
Memory Does
– CD-R
• CD-Recordable of the type of Write Once Read Many times
– CD-RW
• CD-Rewritable, these disks can be erased and rewritten at any time.

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 DVD
• An optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage. The DVD
supports disks with capacities of 4.7 GB to 17 GB.
• A standard DVD disc store up to 4.7 GB of data.
• There are three types of DVD's:
– DVD-ROM
• CD-Read Only Memory and they function the same way Read Only
Memory Does
– DVD-R
• CD-Recordable of the type of Write Once Read Many times (WORM)
– DVD-RW
• CD-Rewritable, these disks can be erased and rewritten at any time.

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 Blu-ray
• Blu-Ray disks are a recent replacement for DVDs
• A Blu-Ray disc can hold 25 - 50GB of data (a dual-layer Blu-Ray disc
can hold twice that
• It is capable of storing several hours of video in high-definition video.
– New disks use blue laser light instead of the red laser light used in
traditional CD players
– Blu-Ray discs are used in the same way as DVD-ROMs but, since
they can hold more data, they are also used by peoples

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 Flash Drive
• A flash drive is a small external storage device, typically the size of a
human thumb that consists of flash memory.
• USB flash drives are removable and rewritable reads and writes to flash
memory.
• They are inexpensive and durable.
– USB Flash drives vary in sizes from 8 Megabytes to 512 Gigabytes.
More commonly used sizes vary from 2 Gigabytes -16 Gigabytes.

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 Flash Memory cards
• Many of our digital devices (cameras, mobile phones, MP3 players, etc.) require
compact, non-volatile data storage.
• Flash memory is a EEPROM non-volatile computer storage chip. These
Memory cards currently vary in sizes between 1GB -16GB
• Many phones also have extra memory cards to store music, video, photos, etc.
(e.g Tiny Micro-SD cards).

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 Communication Device
– Communication devices are :
• hardware devices capable of transmitting and receiving
information or instruction from one computer to another.

– Example: Modem, NIC (Network interface card, wi-fi devices, and

access point.

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 Modem
• Is a device which is capable of sending and receiving a signal to allow
computers to talk to each other over the telephone.
– For example, a Cable Modem and DSL Modem are two examples of these
types of Modems.

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 NIC (Network Interface Card)
• It is an expansion card that enables a computer to connect to a network; such
as a home network, or the Internet using an Ethernet cable with an RJ-
45 connector.
• Due to the popularity and low cost of the Ethernet standard, most new
computers have a network interface build directly into the motherboard.

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 Wi-fi and Access Point
• Wi-fi :
– Is a technology for wireless networking with devices based on the IEEE
802.11 standards.
• Access point:
– is a wireless receiver which enables a user to connect wirelessly to
a network or the Internet
– This term can refer to both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth devices

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Software

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 Software

• Is a collection of instructions that enable the user to interact with

a computer.
• According to what is designed to accomplish, software is divided
in to two:
1. System Software
2. Application Software

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 Software…
1. System Software:

 programs that are dedicated to managing the computer itself.

 to provide a platform for running application software
 Example: Operating System (Linux, windows etc), utilities (Disk Cleanup,
Screensaver etc) and Device Drivers (A computer program that allows the
operating system to communicate with the device)

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 Operating System
• OS is the master controller within a computer.
• An Operating System interacts with:
– All hardware installed in or connected to a computer system
• Examples of OS
– Windows, MacOS, DOS, UNIX, Linux, Ubuntu, Linux Mint
and their flavor

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 Operating System…OS types
• Operating system types:
– Microsoft Windows
• Most popular operating system.
• Supports a vast array of application software and peripheral devices.
– MacOS
• For Macintosh computers.
• Proprietary system.
• Does not have same functionality and support for software and
peripheral devices.

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 Types of OS…Cont’d
• Network operating system (NOS)
– Manages network resources.
– Maintains security.
– Tracks user accounts.
– Handles communication between workstations and servers.
• Popular network operating systems
– Windows NT, Novell Netware, UNIX

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 Utilities
• Utilities augment functionality of operating systems.

– Utilities includes device drivers and Troubleshooting capabilities.

– Utilities provide file management capabilities such as copying, moving or

renaming a file.

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 Software…
2. Application Software
- software created for a specific purpose.
- It is generally a program or collection of programs used by
end users
• Example: Microsoft office, Internet browsers, Graphics Creation
and Manipulation, Animation and 3D Graphics, website creation
etc.

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 Accessibility of Software
• Software's can be: Open source or Proprietary
Open Source Software:
• Open Source Software can be defined as
– software distributed under a licensing agreement which allows the source
code (computer code)
• to be shared, viewed and modified by other users and organizations
– The open source software contains certain criteria such as:
• Free Distribution Rights
• Access to Source Code
• Permission to modify
• Distribute Modifications

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 Accessibility of software…
Proprietary Software:
• Proprietary Software is machine programming authorized under the
selective trustworthy advantages associated with the copyright
holder.
• The principle character of Proprietary Software is that
– Its source code is dependably kept a mystery from the outside
world.
– Accordingly, the inside structure of exclusive programming will
be not revealed

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Data Representation and Number
system

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 Topics Included:
• Data Representation
• Coding Methods
• Number System

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Reason for use of binary system in computers
• It has proved difficult to develop devices that can understand
natural language directly:
– due to the complexity of natural languages.
– However, it is easier to construct electric circuits based on
the binary or ON and OFF logic.
• All forms of data can be represented in binary system format.

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 Why we study numbering system?
• We enter data into a computer and review output from a computer
using
– Letter of alphabet,
– Various special symbols, and
– Numerals in the decimal number system.
• Computer is an electronic device which understands electrical flow
there is no letter, symbol or number inside the computer.
• Computer works with binary numbers.

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 Data Representation
• Data representation means encoding data into bits.

• A single binary digit (0 or 1) is called a bit

– A single bit can represent two possible states, On (1) or off (0)
• Combinations of bits are used to store values inside a computer
• Values being represented may be characters, numbers, images, audio
signals, and video signals.
• Although a different scheme is used to encode each type of data, in
the end the code is always a string of zeros and ones

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 Units of Data Representation
• The terms bits, nibble, bytes, and word are used widely in reference to
computer memory and data size.
• When data is stored, processed or communicated within the computer system,
it is packed in units:
• Arranged from the smallest to the largest, the units are called bit, nibble, byte
and word;
• Bits: can be defined as either a binary, which can be 0, or 1.It is the basic unit
of data or information in digital computers.
• Nibble: is half a byte, which is usually a grouping of 4 bytes.
• Byte: a group of bits (8 bits) used to represent a character. A byte is considered
as the basic unit of measuring memory size in computer.
• Word: two or more bits make a word.
– The term word length is used as the measure of the number of bits in each
word.
– For example, a word can have a length of 16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits etc. 96
 Units of data representation…
• A word in the memory of a computer can represent character data or
numerical data.
• Characters my be classified:
– a letter and/or digit (A to Z or a to z or 0 to 9)
– Special symbols such as ?, *, + and other characters.
• When Characters are used in the computer, they must be converted into a
binary string (i.e sequence of 0’s or 1’s).
• There are several codes for converting character data into binary strings
of which
– ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode are the most popular codes

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Coding System for Text Representation/ Coding Methods

• The coding system provide conversion of keyboard characters

into binary system
• Some of them are:
1. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
2. EBCDIC (Extended Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
3. Unicode (Universal Code)

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 ASCII
• Has been adopted as the industry-standard way of representing keyboard
characters as binary codes.
• Every keyboard character is given a corresponding binary code.
• ASCII uses an 8-bit code to represent up to 256 (00000000 to 11111111)
different characters
• ASCII uses 8-bits code to represent alphanumeric characters
– Letters (Small and Capital letters (26 each)
– 10 Digits
– 32 other Special symbols (?,(),! etc)

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 EBCDIC
• EBCDIC Pronounced as “Eb-see-dick” and stands for
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code.
• It is an extension of BCD which includes all the keyboard
characters and special characters.
• It is an 8-bit code ranges from 00000000 to 11111111 (0 –
256)
• Just used in IBM mainframe (system) and commonly
used to encode data onto magnetic tape

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 Unicode
• UNICODE is the new standard to emerge that is replacing ASCII.
• It has been adopted by many of the big businesses in the computing
industry.
• Uses 16 bit pattern → # of codes = 216=65,536
• enough to represent all world’s languages.
• It is designed to cover more of the characters that are found in
languages across the world.
• Unicode consists of a collection of more than 100,000 characters.
• It has become important due to the increased use of the Internet, as
more data is being passed around globally.

101
 Number System
• Human beings uses decimal (base 10) number systems for counting
and measurements.
– It uses powers of 10 for each position in a number
• Computers use binary number system
– The binary system is also called the base-2 system
– As they are made from binary digital components (known as
transistors) operating in two states - on and off.
– In computing, we also use hexadecimal (base 16) or octal (base 8)
number systems, as a compact form for represent binary numbers.
– Therefore we have Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
number system.

102
 Number Systems…
Common Number Systems:

Number System Base Allowable Digits

Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4……9
Binary 2 0,1
Octal 8 0,1,2,3 …..7

Hexa-decimal 16 0,1,2,3………9,A,B,C,D,E,F

103
 Number System
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
16 0001 0000 20 10
104
 Number system…
• We can convert from one base to another using different conversion
techniques
Decimal

• Hexadecimal Binary

Octal
105
 Decimal numbers
• A decimal number is made of digits
– A digit takes the value between (0-9)
• Each of the digits is multiplied by its weight which is 10 to the
power of 0 for the first digit from the right, 1 for the second digit, 2
for the third digit …. Etc
• Example: 25
25 = 2*101 + 5*100
=
2*10 + 5*1
= 20 + 5
25 = 25

106
 Decimal Number Conversion
• To convert Decimal number we need:
– A repeated division and remainder algorithm can convert
decimal to binary, octal, or hexadecimal.
• Divide the decimal number by the desired target (2, 8, or
16).
• Continue dividing the number until you reached to 0 or 1
• Order the reminders from right to left or from the bottom to
up if division is ordered sequentially.

107
 Decimal to Binary conversion
• Decimal to Binary

– Example: (129) 10 = ? 2

Decimal Number Operation Quotient Remainder

129 ÷ 2 = 64 1
64 ÷ 2 = 32 0
32 ÷ 2 = 16 0
16 ÷ 2 = 8 0
8÷ 2 = 4 0
4÷ 2 = 2 0
2÷ 2 = 1 0
1÷ 2 = Take 1 as it is 1

0 done.

– Therefore: 129 10 = 100000012

108
 Try the following decimal to Binary
• 57 to ()2 ?
• 132 to ()2
• 53= ()2
• 122= ()2

109
 Decimal to octal
• Decimal to Octal
 Example: 1792 10 = ? 8

Decimal Number Operation Quotient Remainder

1792 ÷ 8 = 224 0
224 ÷ 8 = 28 0
28 ÷ 8 = 3 4
3÷ 8 = Take 3 as it is 3

 Therefore: 1792 10 = 3400 8

110
 Decimal to Hexadecimal conversion
• Decimal to Hexadecimal
– Example: 1792 10 = ? 16

Decimal
Operation Quotient Remainder
Number
1792÷ 16 = 112 0
112÷ 16 = 7 0
Take 7 as it
7÷ 16 = 7
is

o Therefore 1792 10 = 700 16

111
 Binary Number
• A binary number is made of digits
– A digit takes the value of either 0 or 1
• Each of the digit is multiplied by its weight which is 2 to the power of 0 for
the first digit from the right, 1 for the second digit, 2 for the third digit ….
Etc
• Example: 11001
• To convert this to the normal number (base 10)
1*24 + 1*23 + 0*22 + 0*21 + 1*20
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1

= 25

112
 Binary to Decimal Conversion
• Binary to Decimal
– To Convert binary to decimal:
• Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
• The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 to
the left
• Then need to add the numbers to get the results

• Example: 1010111 2 = ?10

113
 Binary to Decimal…
• 1010111 2 = ()10

– 1010111 2 = (1*20) = 1
= (1*21) = 2
= (1*22) = 4
= (0*23) = 0
= (1*24) = 16
= (0*25) = 0
= (1*26) = 64

= 87

Therefore:- 1010111 2 = 8710

114
 Try the following Binary to Decimal
• (11100)2 to ()10?
• (00011010)2 to ()10?
• 11100 = ()10
• 00011010 = ()10

115
 Binary to Octal Conversion
• Binary to Octal
– An easy way to convert from binary to octal
• is to group binary digits into sets of three, starting with the least
significant (rightmost) digits.
• Add 0’s to the left if a single or two numbers available if necessary to
complete a group of three.
• Convert each three digits to get the octal
– Example:
– 11100101 = ?8
• 11100101= 11 100 101
011 100 101
3 4 5
Therefore: 11100101 = 3458
116
 Try the following binary to octal
• (1111100101) to ()8?
• (111011) to ()8?

117
• (1111100101)= (1745)8
• (111011) = (73)8

118
 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
• Binary to Hexadecimal
– An easy way to convert from binary to Hexadecimal
• is to group binary digits into sets of four, starting with the least
significant (rightmost) digits.
• Add 0’s to the left if a single, two or three digits available if necessary
to complete a group of four.
• Convert each four digits to get hexadecimal
– Example: 11100101=?16

11100101 = 1110 0101

= E 5

11100101=E516

119
 Octal Number Conversion
 Oct means eight in Greek
 In Octal notation, successive 3 bits are given a symbol (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
• Octal to Binary Conversion
– Converting from octal to binary is as easy as converting from binary to
octal.
– Simply look up each octal digit to obtain the equivalent group of three
binary digits.
• Example: 3458=?2

3 4 5
011 100 101 = 011100101

Therefore: 3458= 0111001012

120
 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Octal to Hexadecimal:
– When converting from octal to hexadecimal, it is often easier to
• first convert the octal number into binary and
• then from binary into hexadecimal.
• Example, to convert 345 octal into hex:
1. 3 4 5 = 011 100 101 = 0111001012
2. Get Group of 4 digits to make it hexadecimal
011100101 = 0 1110 0101
14=E 5
Therefore 3458 = E516

121
 Try the following Octal to hexadecimal conversion

• 658 to () 16
• 1238 to ()16

122
• (65)8 = ()16 means:
– 1. Convert in to binary
• 6 = 110 5= 101 Therefore = 110101
– 2. Group in to four to make it hexadecimal
• 0011, 0101
– Therefore Result (65)8= (35) 16
• (123) 8= (53)16

123
 Octal to Decimal Conversion
• Octal to Decimal Conversion:
– The conversion can be performed in the conventional
mathematical way, by showing each digit place as an increasing
power of 8.
• Example: 3458 = (3 * 82) + (4 * 81) + (5 * 80)
= (3 * 64) + (4 * 8) + (5 * 1)
= 229 decimal

Therefore: 3488 = 22910

124
 Hexadecimal number conversion
 Hexadec means 16 in Greek
 In hexadecimal notation, successive 4 bits are given a symbol (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9, A, B, C, D,E, F).
• Hexadecimal to Binary conversion:
– Converting from hexadecimal to binary is as easy as converting from binary to
hexadecimal.
• Simply look up each hexadecimal digit to obtain the equivalent group of four
binary digits.
• Example: A2DE 16
A 2 D E
1010 0010 1101 1110 = 1010001011011110

Therefore: A2DE16 = 1010 001011011110

125
 Try the following hexadecimal to binary
conversion
• 12B16 to ()2

• ABCD16 to binary

126
 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Hexadecimal to Octal
– When converting from hexadecimal to octal,
• it is often easier to first convert the hexadecimal number into binary and
• then from binary into octal.
• Example: 2DE hex = ?8
2 D E
Step-1 0010 1101 1110 = 0010110111102
Step-2: then 0010110111102 to group 3
001 011 011 110
1 3 3 6
Therefore: 2DE16 = 13368

127
• (12B)16 = (100101010)2
• (ABCD) 16 = (1001101010111110)2

128
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Converting hexadecimal to decimal can be performed
– in the conventional mathematical way, by showing each digit place as an
increasing power of 16.
• Example: 2DE hex =? Decimal

2DE = (2 * 162) + ((D) * 161) + (E) * 160)

= (2 * 162) + (13 * 161) + (14 * 160)
= (2*256) + (13*16)+(14*1)
= 512 + 208 + 14
= 734
Therefore: 2DE16 = 73410

129
 Review Questions

• Explain about Computer and Information system

• Discuss about information Hierarchy
• Explain what a computer hardware is
• Explain about software
• Explain how data is represented in a computer system

130
End of Chapter- One

131