Introduction

to
Earthquake
Engineering

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Earthquake

Faulting Seismic waves

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 Seismic Waves

Body Waves Surface Waves

P Waves S Waves
Love (L) Waves
Rayleigh (R) Waves

SH waves SV waves

 Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth.

 Surface waves: Their motion is restricted to near the ground surface. 3
Body Waves: Primary Waves
• P waves are the fastest body waves and arrive before the S waves, or
secondary waves.
• The P waves carry energy through the Earth as longitudinal waves
(like sound waves), moving particles in the same line as the direction
of the wave.
• P-waves are essentially sound waves and travel through solids, liquids
or gases.
• They are less destructive than the S waves and surface waves that
follow them, due to their smaller amplitudes

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Body Waves: Secondary Waves
• Particle motion is at right angles to the path of the wave.
• Cause shearing deformations
• These waves move more slowly than P wave (their speed is about 60% of
that of P waves in a given material).
• S waves are several times larger in amplitude than P waves for earthquake
sources.
• S-waves travel only through solids, because fluids (liquids and gasses) have
no shearing stiffness (i.e. fluids cannot support shear stresses).

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Body Waves

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 Body Waves
The propagation velocity of P- and S-waves, Vp and Vs respectively,
depends only on the density and elastic properties of the rock or soil
through which they pass.

E( 1   )
Vp 
 ( 1   )( 1  2 )

E G
Vs  
2  (1   ) 

(2  2 )
V p / Vs 
(1  2 )
• If =0.3, then Vp=1.87 Vs
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Surface Waves
• They are so called because their motion is restricted to near the ground
surface.

• They are like ripples of water that travel across a lake.

• They travel more slowly than body waves.

• Because of their low frequency, long duration, and large amplitude, they
can be the most destructive type of seismic wave.

• Two main types are Love & Rayleigh

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 Surface Waves: Rayleigh Waves
The motion of particle at shallow depth is retrograde (elliptical).

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 Surface Waves: Love Waves
It motion is essentially the same as that of S waves that have no vertical
component.
It moves the ground from side to side in a horizontal plane but at right
angles to the direction of propagation.
Love waves generally travel faster than Rayleigh waves.

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 Seismogram Interpretation

P waves arrive first to a recording station, then S wave and then

Surface waves.

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Importance of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

• The method is limited by the difficulty associated with determining the arrival
time of the reflected waves, particularly for cases in which reflected waves
arrive while the receivers are still responding to direct waves.
• Interpretation of results for profiles with low-velocity layers may also be
difficult.

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties: Seismic Refraction Test
• Use the arrival times of the first
waves, regardless of path, to reach a
given receiver.
• The test involves measurement of
travel times of p- and/or s-waves
from an impulse source to a linear
array of points along the ground
surface at different distances from
the source.
• The seismic refraction test is more
commonly used than the seismic
reflection test
• its greatest earthquake engineering
application is also for delineation of
major stratigraphic units.

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties: Seismic Refraction Test
Seismic refraction test on the surface of a two-layered elastic half-
space
Arrival time required for direct wave to
reach the nth receiver Direct wave
Head
wave
At that boundary, the rays are reflected
and refracted, with the directions of the
refracted rays determined by Snell's law
At the critical angle of incidence, i c, the refracted ray will travel parallel to the
boundary. This critically refracted wave will produce a head wave in material 1 in
a direction inclined at (90°-ic) to the boundary.
The direct wave produces the first wave arrival at short source-receiver distances,
but the head wave arrives before the direct wave at distances greater than the
critical distance, xc.
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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties: Seismic Refraction Test

Arrival time required for head wave to reach the nth receiver

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties: Seismic Refraction Test
If a receiver was placed exactly at the critical
distance, xc, the direct wave and the head wave
would reach it at exactly the same time.
tdn=thn

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

I: the mass polar moment of

inertia of the specimen
I0: the mass polar moment of
torsional loading system
h: specimen height
vs: shear wave velocity

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

Piezoelectric bender element

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties: Cyclic Triaxial Test

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties: Cyclic Triaxial Test

Time histories of deviator stress (a) isotropically consolidated conditions, (b)

anisotropically consolidated conditions with cyclic deviator stress amplitude greater
than deviator stress during consolidation (producing stress reversals), and (c)
anisotropically consolidated conditions with cyclic deviator stress amplitude less
than deviator stress during consolidation (no stress reversals).
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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Measurement of Dynamic Soil
Properties

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Stress-Strain Behaviour of
Cyclically Loaded Soil

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Stress-Strain Behaviour of
Cyclically Loaded Soil

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Stress-Strain Behaviour of
Cyclically Loaded Soil

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Stress-Strain Behaviour of
Cyclically Loaded Soil

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Soil Liquefaction

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