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19 views

DC DC

Uploaded by

Dr.K.Krishna Veni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 7

DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• dc-dc converters for switch-mode dc power


supplies and dc-motor drives
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-1
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Block Diagram of DC-DC Converters

• Functional block diagram

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-2


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Stepping Down a DC Voltage

• A simple approach that shows the evolution

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-3


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Pulse-Width Modulation in
DC-DC Converters

• Role of PWM
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-4
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter

• Pulsating input to
the low-pass filter

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-5


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

• Steady state; inductor current flows continuously


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-6
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Waveforms at
the boundary of Cont./Discont. Conduction

• Critical current below which inductor current


becomes discontinuous
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-7
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter:
Discontinuous Conduction Mode

• Steady state; inductor current discontinuous


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-8
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Limits of
Cont./Discont. Conduction

• The duty-ratio of 0.5 has the highest value of the


critical current
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-9
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Limits of
Cont./Discont. Conduction

• Output voltage is kept constant

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-10


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Down Conv.: Output Voltage Ripple

• ESR is assumed to be zero

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-11


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter

• Output voltage must be greater than the input

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-12


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter Waveforms

• Continuous current conduction mode

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-13


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of
Cont./Discont. Conduction

• The output voltage is held constant

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-14


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Discont.
Conduction

• Occurs at light loads

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-15


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of
Cont./Discont. Conduction

• The output voltage is held constant


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-16
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Effect of
Parasitics

• The duty-ratio is generally limited before the


parasitic effects become significant
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-17
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter Output Ripple

• ESR is assumed to be zero

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-18


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Down/Up DC-DC Converter

• The output voltage can be higher or lower than


the input voltage

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-19


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

• Continuation conduction mode


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-20
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of
Cont./Discont. Conduction

• The output voltage is held constant

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-21


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter:
Discontinuous Conduction Mode

• This occurs at light loads


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-22
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Limits of
Cont./Discont. Conduction

• The output voltage is held constant


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-23
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter: Effect of
Parasitics

• The duty-ratio is limited to avoid these parasitic


effects from becoming significant
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-24
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Step-Up DC-DC Converter:
Output Voltage Ripple

• ESR is assumed to be zero


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-25
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Cuk DC-DC Converter

• The output voltage can be higher or lower than


the input voltage

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-26


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Cuk DC-DC Converter: Waveforms

• The capacitor
voltage is assumed
constant

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-27


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Converter for DC-Motor Drives

• Four quadrant operation is possible

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-28


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Converter Waveforms

• Bi-polar voltage switching

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-29


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Converter Waveforms

• Uni-polar voltage switching

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-30


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Output Ripple in Converters for DC-Motor
Drives

• bi-polar and uni-polar voltage switching


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-31
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Switch Utilization in DC-DC Converters

• It varies significantly in various converters


Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-32
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Equivalent Circuits in DC-DC Converters

• replacing inductors and capacitors by current


and voltage sources, respectively
Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-33
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters
Reversing the Power Flow in DC-DC Conv.

• For power flow from right to left, the input


current direction should also reverse

Copyright © 2003 Chapter 7 DC-DC Switch-Mode 7-34


by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Converters

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