ECE 411

Communication Systems II

Dr. Hesham A. Bakarman

1. “Data Communications and Networking” 4th

2. “Data and Computer Communication” 6th

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 Communication Systems
• A communication system conveys
information from its source to a
destination.
• Examples:
– Telephone
– TV
– Radio
– Cell phone
– PDA (personal digital assistant)
– Satellite

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 Communication Systems
• A communication system is composed of
the following:

Source
Input Output
Transducer Transmitter Channel Receiver
Transducer

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 Input Transducer
• Source: Analog or digital
• Example: Speech, music, written text
• Input Transducer: Converts the message
produced by a source to a form suitable
for the communication system.
• Example:
Speech wavesMicrophoneVoltage

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 Transmitter
• Couple the message to the channel
• Operations: Amplification, Modulation
• Modulation encodes message into
amplitude, phase or frequency of carrier
signal (AM, PM, FM)
• Advantages:
– Reduce noise and interference
– Multiplexing
– Channel Assignment
• Examples: TV station, radio station, web
server
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 Channel
• Physical medium that does the
transmission
• Examples: Air, wires, coaxial cable, radio
wave, laser beam, fiber optic cable
• Every channel introduces some amount of
distortion, noise and interference

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 Receiver
• Extracts message from the received
signal
• Operations: Amplification, Demodulation,
Filtering
• Goal: The receiver output is a scaled,
possibly delayed version of the message
signal (ideal transmission)
• Examples: TV set, radio, web client

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 Output Transducer
• Converts electrical signal into the form
desired by the system
• Examples: Loudspeakers, PC

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 Capacity of a Channel
• The most important question for a
communication channel is the maximum
rate at which it can transfer information.
• There is a theoretical maximum rate at
which information passes error free over
the channel, called the channel capacity C.
• The famous Hartley-Shannon Law states
that the channel capacity C is given by:
C=B*log(1+(S/N)) b/s
where B is the bandwidth, S/N is the
signal-to-noise ratio.
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 Fundamental Limitations
• Therefore, there are two factors that
determine the capacity of a channel:
– Bandwidth
– Noise
– Signal Level

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 Frequency Spectrum
• Most precious resource in communications
is “frequency spectrum”
• The “frequency spectrum” has to be
shared by a large number of users and
applications:
• AM Radio, FM Radio, TV, cellular
telephony, wireless local-area-networks,
satellite, air traffic control

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 Frequency Spectrum
• The frequency spectrum has to be
managed for a particular physical medium
• The spectrum for “over-the-air”
communications is allocated by
international communications organization
• International Telecommunications Union
(ITU)
• Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
designates and licenses frequency bands
in the US.
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Frequency Spectrum Example
Application Frequency Band
AM Radio 0.54-1.6 MHz
TV (Channels 2- 54-88 MHz
6)
FM Radio 88-108 MHz
TV (Channels 7- 174-216 MHz
13)
Cellular mobile 806-901 MHz
radio
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 Noise
• Internal and External Noise
• Internal Noise: Generated by components
within a communication system (thermal
noise)
• External Noise:
– Atmospheric noise (electrical discharges)
– Man-made noise (ignition noise)
– Interference (multiple transmission paths)

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History of Communications
Year Event
1838 Telegraphy
(Morse)
1876 Telephone (Bell)
1902 Radio
transmission
(Marconi)
1933 FM radio
1936 TV broadcasting
1953 Color TV Page 16
History of Communications

Year Event
1962 Satellite
communication
1972 Cellular phone
1985 Fax machines
1990s GPS, HDTV,
handheld
computers
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 A Communications Model
• Source
– generates data to be transmitted
• Transmitter
– Converts data into transmittable signals
• Transmission System
– Carries data
• Receiver
– Converts received signal into data
• Destination
– Takes incoming data
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 Simplified Communications Model - Diagram
The fundamental purpose of a communications
system is the exchange of data between two
parties.

presents one particular example, which is

Another example is the exchange of voice signals

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Simplified Communications Model - Diagram

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 Key Communications Tasks
• Transmission System Utilization
• Interfacing
• Signal Generation
• Synchronization
• Exchange Management
• Error detection and correction
• Addressing and routing
• Recovery
• Message formatting
• Security
• Network Management

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Simplified Data Communications Model

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􀂾 User of a PC wishes to send a message ‘m’
􀂾 User activates Electronic Mail package e.g. Hotmail
􀂾 Enters the message via input device (keyboard)
􀂾 Character string is buffered in main memory as a sequence of bits‘g’
􀂾 PC is connected to some trans system such as a Telephone Network
via an I/O Transmitter like Modem
􀂾 Transmitter converts incoming stream ‘g’ into a signal ‘s’

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􀂾 The transmitted signal ‘s’ is subject to a number of impairments
depending upon the medium
􀂾 Therefore, received signal ‘r’ may differ from ‘s’.
􀂾 Receiver attempts to estimate original ‘s’ based on its knowledge of
the medium and received signal ‘r’
􀂾 Receiver produces a bit stream g’(t)
􀂾 Briefly buffered in the memory
􀂾 Data is presented to the user via an output device like printer, screen
etc.
􀂾 The data viewed by user m’ will usually be an exact copy of the data
sent ‘m’
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EXAMPLE-Telephone System
o Input to the Telephone is a message ‘m’ in the form of sound waves
o The sound waves are converted by telephone into electric signals of
the same frequency
o These signals are transmitted w/o any modification over the telephone
line
o Hence g(t) and s(t) are identical
o S(t) will suffer some distortion so that r(t) will not be the same as s(t)
o R(t) is converted back to sound waves with no attempt of correction or
improvement of signal quality
o Thus m’ is not an exact replica of m
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 Networking
• Point to point communication not usually
practical
– Devices are too far apart
– Large set of devices would need impractical
number of connections
• Solution is a communications network

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Simplified Network Model

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 Wide Area Networks
• Large geographical area
• Crossing public rights of way
• Rely in part on common carrier circuits
• Alternative technologies
– Circuit switching
– Packet switching
– Frame relay
– Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

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INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATION

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History of Data Communication

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History of Data Communication

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TODAY’S EVERCHANGING & BUSY WORLD

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LOCAL and REMOTE Data Communication

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