Probability & Statistics

for Engineers & Scientists

Authors: Walpole, Myers, Myers, YE

Instructor:
Osama Bin Ajaz
Lecturer, S & H Dept.,
FAST-NU, Main Campus, Karachi
[email protected]
Text Book 🡪
Reference Book 🡪
 Important Instructions
• Be in the classroom on time.

• All students are required to maintain 80% of attendance. In case students fail to
maintain 80% of attendance, they become ineligible to take the final exam.

• Turn off your cell phones or any other electronic devices before entering the class.

• Maintain the decorum of the classroom all the time.

• Avoid conversation with your classmates while the lecture is in progress.

• Submit your assignments on time otherwise marks will be deducted after deadline.
 Important Instructions
(Contd.)

• Assignment should include a title page

consisting of your complete Name, Roll No,
Subject Name and date etc.
• Assignment should be submitted in the Holes
clip punch folder (snap attached).
• Incomplete assignments lead to reduction in
marks.
• Avoid plagiarism.
• For Quizzes bring your own loose pages.
• Violation of any instructions leads to a
reduction in marks.
Please do not ask for lectures slides.
Do follow recommended books.

Thank you
Introduction to Statistics
 Introduction to Statistics
• What does the word statistics bring to mind?
• If you read newspapers, surf the Web, watch the news on television, or follow sports, you
see and hear the following statements:

⮚ 10 year inflation rates.

⮚ Population growth rate, Birth and Death rates etc.
⮚ Exchange rates, Stock prices etc.
⮚ Census & Survey
⮚ Average Run rate of a player
⮚ Ranking of Cricket players.
⮚ Average salary of programmers.
•
Definition of Statistics
 Descriptive & Inferential Statistics

• Descriptive statistics consists of methods for organizing and

summarizing information.
• It includes the construction of graphs, charts, tables, and computation of averages,
variations, and percentiles.

• Inferential Statistics consists of methods for drawing and measuring

the reliability of conclusions about a population based on information
obtained from a sample.
• When an inference is made about the population, then the study becomes inferential.
 Further Classifying Statistical Studies

• Observational Study: researchers simply observe characteristics and take

measurements, as in a sample survey.

• Designed experiment: researchers impose treatments and controls and

then observe characteristics and take measurements.

Observational studies can reveal only association, whereas designed

experiments can help establish causation.
 Statistical Terminologies

• Population: The collection of all individuals or items under consideration

in a statistical study.

• Sample: That part of the population from which information is obtained.

• Random Sample: it is a sample selected in such a way that every member

of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

• Parameter: it describes characteristics of a population.

• Statistic: it describe characteristics of a sample.

Statistical Terminologies
 Types of Data

• Primary Data: it is also called Raw Data or First hand information such
as Census & Survey questionnaires etc.

• Secondary Data: that is already collected by someone else such as

published reports of research organizations.
 Measurement Scales
• Nominal Scale: Classification into mutually exclusive qualitative categories such
as Male & Female, Muslims & Non-Muslims, Profession, Blood group etc.

• Ordinal Scale: It includes the characteristic of a nominal scale and in addition has
the property of ordering or ranking of measurements. For example: Performance
of students, Customer ratings (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly
disagree) etc.

• Interval Scale: it includes those quantitative variables for which zero is not
meaningful. For example: Temperature, IQ score etc.

• Ratio Scale: It is the strongest scale and possess absolute zero. For example:
Area, Volume, length, distance, weight, money etc.
 Classify following variables as discrete or
continuous

1. The Life time of a laptop component. Continuous

2. The number of heads in toss of 4 coins. discrete

3. The amount of milk produced by a cow. Continuous

4. The number of enrollment in statistics class. discrete

5. The age of a programmer. Continuous
6. Processing speed of a software. Continuous

7. The number software crashes in 3 hours. discrete

 Classify as Qualitative or Quantitative

1. Average Salary of Software Engineers in East Asia. Quantitative

2. Marks of 40 students of a statistics class. Quantitative

3. Program preferences of a talk show. Qualitative

4. Religion of peoples in a country. Qualitative
 Classify scales of measurements

(i)Rankings of golfers in a tournament

(ii)Temperatures inside 10 pizza ovens.
(iii)Weights of selected cell phones
(iv)Salaries of the coaches in the NFL.
(v)Ratings of textbooks (poor, fair, good, excellent).
(vi)Age of children in a day care center­­
(vii)Categories of magazines in a physician’s office (sports,
women’s, health, men’s, news)
 Frequency Distribution

• A frequency distribution of qualitative data is a listing of the distinct

values and their frequencies.
 Example # 01: Qualitative Freq. distribution

• The following data represents the political party affiliation of the students in
introductory statistics course of a particular college in the USA. Organize these
data into a frequency distribution.
Example # 02: Bar Chart for Qualitative
Freq. distribution
 Example # 03: Qualitative Freq. distribution
(Contd.)
• The following table provides data on college for the students in one section of the course
Introduction to Computer Science during one semester at Arizona State University. In the
table, we use the abbreviations BUS for Business, ENG for Engineering and Applied
Sciences, and LIB for Liberal Arts and Sciences.
• Construct Frequency distribution and simple Bar chart.
Example # 04: Quantitative Freq. distribution

• Use single-value grouping to organize the following data into

frequency and distribution.
 Example # 05: Group Frequency Distribution

• The following data displays the number of days to maturity for 40 short-term
investments. The data are from BARRON’S magazine. Use limit grouping, with
grouping by 10s, to organize these data into frequency distribution.
Example # 06: Histogram
 Example # 07: Stem & Leaf Plot

• Reconsider example # 05 and construct Stem & Leaf Plot.

 Example # 07: Stem & Leaf Plot (Contd.)

• Stem & Leaf Plot is similar to Histogram:

 Example # 08: Dotplot

• Dot Plots are useful for showing the relative positions of the data in a
data set or for comparing two or more data sets.
• Construct a dotplot for the following exam scores of the students in
an introductory statistics class.
Stressed-Out Bus Drivers (Contd.)
Stressed-Out Bus Drivers (Contd.)
Convert the following into Freq. Distribution
 Example # 09: Frequency Polygon & OGIVE

• Reconsider example # 06 and construct frequency polygon & OGIVE:

Measures of Central Tendency
(Mean, Median, Mode)
 Example # 10: The Mean
• Reconsider Example # 09:
 Example # 11: The Median
• Reconsider Example # 10 and calculate Median.
Example # 12: The Mode
 Measures of Variation

• Two or more data sets can have same mean, median or mode, but those
datasets may differ in other aspects.
 Measures of Variation

• Two or more data sets can have same mean, median or mode, but those
datasets may differ in other aspects.
Measures of Variation: RANGE
Measures of Variation: The Standard Deviation
Calculate variance, construct Histogram &
Boxplot (Quiz-I) (13/11/19)
Calculate Mean, Median, Mode, CV, & draw OGIVE(Re-
Quiz-I) 20/2/19
Calculate Q1,Q2,Q3,, & construct box plot
(Re Re-Quiz-I) 22/2/19
 Example 14:

• Use the following data set: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 to find:

(a) Variance
(b) Add 5 to each value, and then find the variance.
(c) Subtract 5 from each value and find the variance.
(d) Multiply each value by 5 and find the variance.
(e) Divide each value by 5 and find the variance.
Further Interpretation of Standard Deviation
 For a bell-shaped curve following
empirical rule hold

•
 CHEBYCHEV’S RULE
•
 Example # 15: Exam Scores
• Consider the following sample of exam scores,
arranged in increasing order. The sample mean and
Sample standard deviation of these exam scores are,
respectively, 85 & 16.1.

(a) Use Chebychev’s rule to obtain a lower bound on the percentage of

observations that lie within two and three standard deviations to either side of
the mean.
(b) Use the data to obtain the exact percentage of observations that lie within two
standard deviations to either side of the mean. Compare your answer.
 Measures of Variation:
The Coefficient of Variation
• A statistic that allows you to compare standard deviations when the
units are different is called the coefficient of variation.

Example # 16
Quartiles
 Example # 17: Quartiles (Contd.)
(Weekly TV-Viewing Times)

• The A. C. Nielsen Company publishes information on the TV-viewing habits

of Americans in Nielsen Report on Television. A sample of 20 people
yielded the weekly viewing times, in hours, displayed in the table below.
Determine and interpret the quartiles for these data.

• Solution:
 Example # 18: Box Plot

• It represents 5 number summary:

• Reconsider Weekly Viewing Times data:
 Example # 19: Box Plot
• A dietitian is interested in comparing the
sodium content of real cheese with the
sodium content of a cheese substitute.
The data for two random samples are shown.
Compare the distributions, using boxplots.
 Trimmed Mean
• an important property of a fiber is its water absorbency. A random sample of
20 pieces of cotton fiber was taken and the absorbency on each piece was
measured. The following are the absorbance values:

(a) calculate the sample mean and median for the above sample values.
(b) Compute trimmed mean.
Trimmed Mean (contd.)
Find Mean, Median, Mode, Quartiles, SD and
construct Box plot and histogram
• Shown here is a frequency distribution for the rise in tides at 30
selected locations in the United States.
 Quiz – I (7/2/19)

• Construct (i) Stem & Leaf (ii) Box Plot (iii) Dot plot
 Quiz – I (7/2/19)
• The following data represents weights (in pound) for a sample of 18 – 24
year old males.
i. Construct group frequency distribution consisting of 8 classes and 20
width.
ii. Calculate Mean, Median and Mode
iii. Draw histogram and OGIVE.