HIGHWAY

AND RAILROAD ENGINEERING

Prepared by: Engr. James

Bagallon Ferrancullo
 MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION

Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Define transportation and its importance
2. Know the history of transportation and its early development
3. Learn the difference modes of transportation, its characteristics;
4. Learn the scope of highway and traffic engineering

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Importance of transportation

Transportation plays a major role in the daily life of human beings. It is necessary
for things to be moved around and as transportation systems have developed
over time, the speed and efficiency of these systems have improved drastically. The
importance of transportation is showcased in how individuals, businesses, and
governments rely on it to access resources. A society cannot function optimally if it
does not have measures in place to facilitate transport. From movement to work to
travel around the world, being able to arrive at various places or deliver different
items on time is vital for overall productivity and sustainable development. People,
resources, jobs, and economies all need seamless movement to keep the entire world
moving forward.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Role of Transportation

Transportation, as defined, is the act of

being transported or transporting goods,
people, etc., from a point to another.
Different modes of transportation,
especially highways, are of major
importance to the society’s economic
development. The creation and
construction of these interconnected
roads and highways increases a country’s
economic growth and output by reducing
the time of journey of everyone and
everything travelling from a different
point to another.
Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo
Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Economic Activity and Transport

These economic activities are the processes that the product needs and utilize to
satisfy basic human needs and wants; the two important factors are;
 Production/supply and
 demand

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation
Social Effects
The various social effects of transportation may be further
elaborated with the following;
 Sectionalism and Transportation: present conditions of
transportation have greatly improved and reduced
sectionalism in different countries.
 Concentration of population into urban areas: since
transportation has greatly improved the economic
conditions of different countries, people from the rural
areas has also migrated to urban cities. This
concentration of people in one area needs to have an
adequate mass transportation facilities to satisfy the
needs of the people that needs to go from point to point
every day.

 Aspect of safety, law and order: transportation facilities

are needed and are of great importance when it comes
to rushing aids in times of emergencies. To maintain
law and order, an efficient system of transportation is
important, especially when it comes to defending a
country’s interest and security.
Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo
Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Different Modes of Transportation

Three basic modes of transport are by
land, water and air.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Different Modes of Transportation

The four (4) major modes of transportation are:
a. Roadways or highways
b. Railways
c. Waterways
d. Airways

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Different Modes of Transportation

Roadways or highways
 this is a mode of transportation on land.
Roadway systems include a large variety of
interconnected ways to transport different
kind of goods and people. This include
small streets, to feeder roads, small roads,
providing ways for all vehicles and
pedestrians.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Different Modes of Transportation

Railways
 These are steel tracks that are constructed
on the ground, used by the trains. Railways
have been used for a very long time to
transport large amount of goods and
people from and to different places in the
world. Railways are more advantageous for
places that are way too far, an example of
this is the PNR, or the Philippine National
Railways. PNR provides trips from
Northern Manila to Bicol.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Different Modes of Transportation

Waterways
 This mode of transportation utilizes
canals, rivers, lakes up to oceans for the
movement of goods and cargo, and large
number of people. Transportation using
waterways is possible through ports,
terminals along lakes and rivers. Though it
is the slowest type of transportation, it is
the most efficient since the relative
amount of power to the number of loads,
goods and services waterway
transportation provide is much lower.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Different Modes of Transportation

Airways
 The fastest and safest, provides more
comfort, but cost more than other ways of
transportation.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Different Modes of Transportation

Pipelines
 This mode of transportation is specifically
designed for goods such as water, crude,
oil and petroleum gas.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Historical Development of Road

Construction
Early Development
The oldest mode of transportation was on foot paths or
using animals. Later, after the invention of wheels, man
developed different kinds of carriages to accommodate
the needs for a more comfortable mode of transportation.
This development led to the construction of hard surfaces
for roads. Such hard surfaces is believed to have existed in
Mesopotamia, about 3500 B.C. The first roads with
authentic records existed during the Assyrian empire,
about 1900 B.C. It was the Roman Empire that built roads
in large scales and with the earliest construction
techniques, these roads will be later known as the Roman
Roads, earning the name as the pioneer in road
construction.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Historical Development of Road

Construction
Roman Roads
Many of these Roman roads used elaborate
construction, some even suing after over 2000 years. It
has been calculated that these network of roads that
the Romans built covered over 400,00 km, with more
than a 120,000 km of these roads being the type
known as the "public roads". This network of roads
allowed the empire to quickly move from one point to
another and allowed the transportation of the goods
from their different colonies to another. Roman roads
consisted of three layers - a foundation at the bottom,
middle layer, and a surface layer on top. These layers
were consisted of different kinds of rocks and stone
slabs to ensure that the roads will last, even with the
relatively low magnitude of wheel loads of that time.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Historical Development of Road Construction

Tresaguet Construction
Not until the eighteenth century did any early civilizations have created a new road construction
method, Pierre Tresaguet developed an improved method of construction in France. He developed
several methods of construction. The main feature of his proposal was that the thickness of the roads
need not to be over 30 cm.
Metcalf Construction
John Metcalf (1717-1810) was engaged on road construction works in England during the same
period as Tresaguet when he was working in France. He was responsible for the construction of the
290 km of road in the northern region of England.
Telford Construction
Thomas Telford began his work in the early 19th century. He was the founder of the Institution of
Civil Engineers at London. He believed in using heavy foundation stones below the top surface and
above soil subgrade.
Macadam Construction
John Macadam put forward an entirely new method of road construction. He was the Surveyor
General of Roads in England, and his new concept of road construction became known by the year
1827. He recognized the importance of subgrade drainage and compaction. He also suggested that
heavy foundation stones are not at all necessary to be placed at the bottom layer of construction.
Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo
Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Historical Development of Road Construction

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Historical Development of Road Construction

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Characteristics of Road Transport

Road transport is the nearest to the people. The passengers and the goods must be
first transported by road before reaching a railway station or a port or an airport.
The road network alone could serve the remotest villages of the vast country like
ours.
The characteristics of road transport are briefly listed here.
a. Roads are used by various types of road vehicles, like passenger cars, buses,
trucks, two and three wheeled automobiles, pedal cycles and animal drawn
vehicles. But railway tracks are used only by rail locomotives and wagons,
waterways are used by only ships and boats.
b. Road transport requires a relatively small investment for the government. Motor
vehicles are much cheaper than the other carriers like rail locomotives and
wagons, water and air carriers. Construction and maintenance of roads is also
cheaper than that of railway tracks, docks, harbors and ports.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Characteristics of Road Transport

c. Road transport offers a complete freedom to road users to transfer the vehicle
from one lane to another and from one road to another according to the need and
convenience. This flexibility of changes in location, direction, speed and timings of
travel is not available to other modes of transport.
d. For short distance travel, road transport saves time. Trains stop at junctions and
main stations for comparatively longer time.
e. Speed of movement is directly related with the severity of accident. The road
safety decreases with increasing dispersion in speed. Road transport is subjected to
a high degree of accidents due to the flexibility of movements offered to the road
users. Derailment of railway locomotives and air crash of airplanes are also not
uncommon. They are in fact more disastrous.
f. Road transport is the only means of transport that offers itself to the whole
community alike.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Scope of Highway Engineering

The road pavements are generally considered on small embankments, slightly
above the general ground level wherever possible, to avoid the difficult drainage
and maintenance problems. The term road or roadway thus constructed is therefore
termed ‘highway’ and the science and technology dealing with Road Engineering is
generally called ‘Highway Engineering’.
The highway engineering deals with various phase like development, planning,
alignment, highway geometric design and location, highway traffic operation and its
control, materials, pavement design, construction and maintenance, economic
considerations, finance and administration.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 1. Introduction to Transportation

Scope of Highway Engineering

PHASES DETAILS
Development, Planning and Locations Historical background; Basis for planning’ Master Plan;
Engineering surveys and highway alignment.
Highway Design, Geometrics and Road geometrics and their design; Rigid and Flexible
Structures Pavements; Design factors and thickness design; Overlay
design; Design of drainage system.
Traffic Performance and its Control Traffic studies analysis; Need for new road links; Traffic
regulation and control; Intersection design and their controls
with signs, signals, islands and markings.
Materials, Construction and
Maintenance Highway materials and mix design; Highway construction;
Earthwork, construction of different types of pavements;
Earthen, soil stabilized, water bound macadam. Bituminous
surfaces and cement concrete roads; pavement failures;
pavement evaluation; Maintenance of pavements and
drainage system.
Economics, Finance and Administration Road user cost and economic analysis of highway projects;
pavement types and maintenance measures; Highway finance
and phasing of expenditures; Administration.
Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo
 MODULE 2
HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING

Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Classify and know the type of roads
2. Learn the considerations for highway planning
3. Know the design criteria for highways and railroads
4. Learn classification of roads, the patterns, planning surveys as
well as highway alignments

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning
Classification of Roads
Types of Roads
 Classified depending on whether they can be used all throughout the year;
 All-weather roads- are roads that are manageable to use during all weather, except at
major river crossing where interruption to traffic is permissible upon certain extent;
 Fair-weather roads- are roads where the traffic maybe interrupted during monsoon
season at causeways where streams overflow.
 Classified based on the type of carriage or the road pavement, the roads are classified as;
 paved roads- provided with a hard pavement course which should be at least a water bound
macadam layer.
 unpaved roads- earth roads, gravel roads.
Classified based on the type of pavement surfacing provided;
 surfaced roads- provided with bituminous or cement concrete surfacing.
 unsurfaced roads- not provided with bituminous or cement concrete surfacing.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning
Classification of Roads
Types of Roads
 Classified based on their use, as classified by the DPWH for roads in the Philippines
 National Primary Roads - directly connects major cities of at least 100,000 people
(INCLUDING the Metropolitan Area)
 National Secondary
o Directly connects Cities to National Primary Roads, except in Metropolitan Area
o Directly connects Major Ports and Ferry Terminals to National Primary Road
o Directly connects Major Airports to National Primary Road
o Directly connects Tourist Service Centers to National Primary Roads or other
o Directly connects Cities (not included in the category of Major Cities)
o Directly connects Provincial Capitals within the same Region
o Directly connects to Major National Government Infrastructure to National Primary
o Roads or Other National Secondary Roads
 National Tertiary - Other existing roads under DPWH which perform a local function

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning
Classification of Roads
Types of Roads
 Classified based on their use, as classified by the DPWH for roads in the Philippines
 Provincial Roads (Local Roads)
o Connect Cities and Municipalities without traversing National Roads
o Connect National Roads to Barangays through rural areas
o Connect to Major Provincial Government Infrastructure
 Municipal and City Roads (Local Roads)
o Roads within the Poblacion
o Roads that connect to Provincial and National Roads
o Roads that provide Inter-Barangay connections to Major Municipal and City
Infrastructure without traversing Provincial Roads
 Barangay Roads (Local Roads) - Other Public Roads (officially turned over) within
the Barangay and not covered in the above definitions.
 Expressways - Highways with limited access, normally with interchanges; may include
facilities for levying tolls for passage in an open or closed system.
 Bypasses - are roads or highways that avoid a built-up area, town or city proper to let
through traffic flow without interference from local traffic reduce congestion and improve
road safety where a toll for passage is levied in an open or closed system.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Considerations for Highway Planning

Planning Considerations
NATIONAL HIGHWAY
 Limited frontage access
 Provide access to provincial roads
 Suitable number of intersections for minor flows

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Considerations for Highway Planning

Planning Considerations
EXPRESSWAY
 Limited frontage access
 Grade separated intersections for extremely high
flows
 Lay by must be provided in case of emergency

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Considerations for Highway Planning

Planning Considerations
PROVINCIAL ROADS
 Access via intersections with local collector roads
 All intersections are normally at-grade
 Pedestrian crossing, car parking, and bus stops
are presented, defined and controlled.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Considerations for Highway Planning

Planning Considerations
MUNICIPAL ROADS
 Only for local traffic
 Vehicle speeds should be kept low so long straight
roads should be avoided
 Parking is allowed, but alternative off-road
provision should be made if possible.
 Pedestrian crossing, car parking, and bus stops
are presented, defined and controlled

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS – DESIGN DATA

FIELD SURVEY INFORMATION
 Determine the topography of the area
 Physical location, alignment, gradients, sight distance,
cross sections, and other highway design elements
should be accounted

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS – DESIGN DATA

HIGHWAY LOCATION
 Gathering of pertinent data for more effective highway
planning, design, construction, and operation.
 Consists of reconnaissance, topographic surveys,
establishment of horizontal, vertical controls and
centerline profile, and other surveys related to highway
engineering.
 Reconnaissance
 Preliminary survey
 Utility service records
 Office projections
 Final location survey

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Planning Surveys
Highway planning includes the
assessment for the length
requirement for an area (maybe a
district, city, or the whole
country) and preparation of
master plan. In doing these
phases, one must carry out field
surveys and collect data. The field
surveys required to collect the
data may be called as planning
surveys.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

The planning surveys consist of

the following fact-finding
surveys:
economic studies
population, trend of its growth,
agricultural and industrial listing,
income per capita, banking, and post
office.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

The planning surveys consist of

the following fact-finding
surveys:
financial studies
source of income, revenue
from taxation on road transport

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

The planning surveys consist of

the following fact-finding
surveys:
traffic or road use studies
traffic volume, traffic flow patterns,
mass transportation facilities,
accidents, growth of vehicular traffic,
passenger trips.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

The planning surveys consist of

the following fact-finding
surveys:
engineering studies
road location and alignment,
classification; type of roads in use,
soil and topography studies

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Design Criteria for Highways and

Railways
The goal in highway design is to provide safe
roads for all road users, and not just those in
motor vehicles. This leads to what is called
the “safe systems approach” which
encourages:
 Simpler, self-explaining roads (with less
reliance on traffic signs)
 Design roads that encourage safe speeds
 Traversable space beyond the edge of road for
pedestrians
 Functional, homogenous, and predictable

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

CHARACTERISTICS TO CONSIDER IN
DESIGNING HIGHWAYS
1. Anticipated Traffic Volume
 Is the traffic information that serves to
establish the loads for geometric design
 Is needed to anticipate traffic volume, we
need to know these design traffic data

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

CHARACTERISTICS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING HIGHWAYS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

CHARACTERISTICS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING HIGHWAYS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

CHARACTERISTICS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING HIGHWAYS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

CHARACTERISTICS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING HIGHWAYS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

CHARACTERISTICS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING HIGHWAYS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

CHARACTERISTICS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING HIGHWAYS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

CHARACTERISTICS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING HIGHWAYS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

STANDARDS TO CONSIDER IN DESIGNING RAILWAYS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Road patterns may be classified to:
 rectangular or block pattern
 radial or star and block pattern
 radial or star and circular pattern
 radial or star and grid pattern
 hexagonal pattern
 minimum travel pattern

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Rectangular or block pattern
In this pattern, the whole area is divided
into rectangular blocks of plots, with
streets intersecting at right angles. The
main road which passes through the
center of the area should be sufficiently
wide and other branch roads may be
comparatively narrow. The main road is
provided a direct approach to outside the
city.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Rectangular or block pattern
Advantages
 The rectangular plots may be further divided
into small rectangular blocks for construction
of buildings placed back-to-back, having roads
on their front.
 In this pattern has been adopted for the city
roads.
 The construction and maintenance of roads of
this pattern is comparatively easier.
Limitations
 This pattern is not very much convenient
because at the intersections, the vehicles face
each other.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Radial Road Pattern
This type of road network combines
radial and block road patterns. The whole
area is arranged into a block-pattern road
network that runs between the radial
main streets and radiates outward from
the center.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Radial Road Pattern
Advantages
 Safer when compared to a rectangular
pattern..
 It reduces congestion at the main bottleneck
point.
 If one radial route is closed, another may be
utilized as an alternative.
Limitations
 Lack of safety equipment such as post-
support bases, crash attenuators, and rail
transitions.
 It is only effective when the downstream end
of a two-lane ramp does not need a
merging.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Radial or Star & Circular Pattern
This network is a combination of radial
and circular road patterns. It is a road
pattern in which the major roadways, or
radial roads, radiate outward from the
center and are joined by the ring roads, or
concentric roads, which likewise radiate
outward.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Radial or Star & Circular Pattern
Advantages
 Compared to the abovementioned patterns, it is
safer since all the traffic moves in the same
direction.
 This traffic plan includes roundabouts, which
enhances traffic flow. Additionally, this lowers the
vehicle's fuel consumption.
 Lowers the chances of rear-end collisions.
Limitations
 Its design is complex, and it isn't easy to provide a
decent curve.
 It impacts driving abilities (most drivers
experiencing this issue are senior citizens).
 The appropriate installation of traffic signals, road
markings, and illumination is required to alert the
driver.
 Splitter islands must be made long enough to
include a crosswalk and a roundabout description.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Radial or Star & Grid Pattern
This kind of road network combines
radial and grid patterns. From the center,
a radial network of roads radiates
outward. The grid pattern is then used to
interconnect the main radial streets.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Radial or Star & Grid Pattern
Advantages
 It increases the effectiveness of land usage unit
density.
 It has a high percentage of 3-way intersections,
offering great vehicle traffic safety.
 Cut-through traffic is reduced.
Limitations
 There should be sufficient distance between splitter
islands.
 High construction cost for additional traffic lights
and road markings.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Hexagonal Road Pattern
A hexagonal pattern is a network of
roadways that form a hexagonal shape,
like a circular road pattern. Three roads
intersect with the constructed region at
each corner of the hexagon. A hexagonal
boundary is further split into plots of the
appropriate sizes.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Hexagonal Road Pattern
Advantages
 Travel time and distance are cut down.
 Reduced traffic congestion
Limitations
 There should be enough traffic signs, pavement
markings, and illumination to alert vehicles to
lower their travel speed and minimize the risk of
accidents.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Grid Pattern
A network of intersecting parallel lines,
real or imaginary, is referred to as a grid.
When seen from above, this pattern is
made up of streets that connect at right
angles to form squares. A physical
network not always constructed of
straight or parallel lines may also be
called a grid. Regular grid systems often
have greater infrastructure costs than
those with disjointed street patterns.
Street width, street length, block width,
and pavement width are the four main
factors that affect street costs.
Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo
Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Grid Pattern
Advantages
 Grids benefit pedestrians since there are several
routes from point A to point B.
 Grids benefit restaurants and retail establishments
since they provide several corner lots.
 A grid's navigation is quite simple.
Limitations
 Grids are dangerous for motorists and bicycles
because they contain numerous junctions and
many potential conflict places.
 Grids may encourage individuals to take shortcuts
through residential areas.
 Grids don't work well in places with many hills
since they result in unnecessarily steep streets.
 Traffic mayhem may readily occur on a grid that is
uneven or unfinished.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Linear Pattern
It comprises a road that expands linearly
in one direction, potentially due to
certain natural resources like the sea or
ocean existing on one side of the city.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Linear Pattern
Advantages
 The potentially dangerous collisions are almost
eliminated.
Limitations
 The right amount of traffic signs, pavement
markings, speed breakers, and illumination should
be in place to alert vehicles to slow down.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Road Patterns
Minimum travel pattern
The town is served by sector centers, suburban facilities, and neighborhood
centers in this road plan, all of which are connected to the city center by a
highway that can be reached in the shortest amount of time. Also, the shortest
roads interconnect the city center with neighboring and suburban centers. The
alignment of the road is made straight to shorten it.

Benefits- The potentially dangerous collisions are almost eliminated.

Drawbacks- The right amount of traffic signs, pavement markings, and illumination should be
in place to alert vehicles to slow down. For senior drivers also, intersections may be particularly
difficult.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Highway Alignment
The position or the layout of
the center line of the highway on the
ground is called alignment.
Horizontal alignment includes the
straight path, horizontal deviations
and the curves. Changes in gradient
and vertical curves are under vertical
alignment. It is important that the
roads must be properly aligned and
adheres to road standards for the
failure to do these would result to
increase in; construction cost,
maintenance cost, vehicle operation
cost, accident rate.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Requirements for and Ideal

Alignment

 Short
 Easy
 Safe
 Economical

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 2. Highway Development and Planning

Factors Controlling Alignment

For the road to be shortest, the best would
be for it to be straight line from point A to
point B but, due to several challenges that
the engineers might encounter on the site, it
may not be feasible. The various factors
which control the highway alignment in
general might be listed as:
 obligatory points
 traffic
 geometric design
 economics
 other considerations; special
considerations while aligning roads on
hilly areas
 Stability
 Drainage
 Geometric standards of hills and roads
 Resisting length

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

MODULE 3
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Analyze traffic and its flow characteristics.
2. Analyze accident and severity.
3. Solve the anticipated traffic volume, annual average daily traffic
and design speed.
4. Solve the space and time headways

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

Introduction to traffic analysis

1. Traffic Analysis provides basis in measuring the operating
performance of the highway.
2. Primary function of a highway system is providing high level of
transportation service (LOS) and safety.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

Various dimensions used in traffic analysis

 Number of vehicle per unit time (traffic volume)
 Vehicle types and speeds
 Variation in traffic volumes over time (e.g., Peak Hour)

Other dimensions that influenced traffic operations

 Traffic control device (i.e., traffic signals, signs and markings)
 Types of pavement and geometric design
 Selection of the number of lanes

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

Various dimensions used in traffic analysis

1. Speed (km/hr)
2. Flow/flowrate/volume (veh/hr)
3. Density (veh/km)

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC FLOW

SPEED (𝝁)
 Total distance traversed divided by the time of
Travel
 Widely used in measuring the quality of traffic flow [km/hr,
mi/hr or m/s or ft/s]

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC FLOW

TRAVEL TIME
 Reciprocal of speed [minutes/km or miles]
 Used in measuring the probable time it takes to reach a
destination

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC FLOW

CLASSES OF TRAVEL SPEED

Spot speed
Used for speed limit studies.
Overall speed
Measured over a long distance.
Running speed
Used for level of service (LOS) comparison studies.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC FLOW

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC FLOW

Spot Speed
1. Time-mean Speed (𝝁𝒌)
arithmetic mean of the speeds observed at some
designated point along the roadway.
2. Space Mean Speed (𝝁𝒔)
harmonic mean of the speeds observed at some designated
point along the roadway.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC FLOW

Overall Speed
Total distance traveled divided by the total time required,
including traffic delays.
Running Speed
Total distance traveled divided by the running time (time the
vehicle is in motion excluding stop-delays).

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

SPEED, DENSITY AND FLOW

RELATIONSHIP

Traffic Flow, q (veh/hr)

the rate at which vehicles pass a given
point in a roadway
given in terms of vehicles per unit of time.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

SPEED, DENSITY AND FLOW

RELATIONSHIP
Traffic density, k (veh/km)
measure of the number of vehicles
occupying a length of roadway.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

SPEED, DENSITY AND FLOW

RELATIONSHIP
Space Headway
the distance between successive
vehicles moving in the same lane
measured from head-to-head at any
instance.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

SPEED, DENSITY AND FLOW

RELATIONSHIP
Time Headway
the time interval between the passage
of successive vehicles moving in the
same lane measured from head-to-head
as they pass a point on the road.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

SPEED, DENSITY AND FLOW RELATIONSHIP

Relationship between traffic flow, space mean speed and density.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

SPEED, DENSITY AND FLOW RELATIONSHIP

Sample Problem 1.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

SPEED, DENSITY AND FLOW RELATIONSHIP

Sample Problem 1.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

SPEED, DENSITY AND FLOW RELATIONSHIP

Sample Problem 2. Measurement points are located at the beginning (Point
A) and at the end (Point B) of the highway section whose length equals 1 km.
The recorded speeds and travel times are shown below:
 Calculate the time-mean speed: (75.4 kph)
 Calculate the space-mean speed: (74.07 kph)
 If the density of traffic is 20 vehicles per km., compute the rate of flow of
traffic in veh/hour. (1481.4 veh/hr)

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

SPEED, DENSITY AND FLOW RELATIONSHIP

Sample Problem 3. Determine the approximately spacing of vehicles (center-
to-center) in a certain lane if the average speed of the cars using that lane is
40 kph and the volume of traffic is 800 veh/hr.
(Answer: s= 50 m/veh)

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

JAM DENSITY AND FREE FLOW SPEED

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

JAM DENSITY AND FREE FLOW SPEED

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

JAM DENSITY AND FREE FLOW SPEED

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

JAM DENSITY AND FREE FLOW SPEED

Sample Problem 1

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

ACCIDENT ANALYSIS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

ACCIDENT ANALYSIS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
Sample Problem 1. Data on Traffic accident recorded on a certain
intersection for the past 4 years has an accident rate of 9200 per million
entering vehicles. If the total number of accidents is 802, find the average
daily traffic entering the intersection during the 4- year period. (Answer:
ADT= 59.71 say, 60 vehicles/day)

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
Sample Problem 2. Data on a traffic accident recorded for the past 5 years on
a certain stretch of a two-lane highway is tabulated as follows. Compute the
severity ratio.
(Answer: SR= 0.26)

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

ACCIDENT ANALYSIS
Sample Problem 2. Data on a traffic accident recorded for the past 5 years on
a certain stretch of a two-lane highway is tabulated as follows. Compute the
severity ratio.
(Answer: SR= 0.26)

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

Module 3. Traffic Engineering

PEAK HOUR FACTOR (PHF)

Ratio of total hourly volume to the maximum rate
of flow within the hour
 Typical PHF for expressways: 0.80 and 0.95
 Lower factors are more typical for rural freeways or off-peak conditions
 Higher factors are typical of urban and suburban
 peak-hour conditions

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

 PEAK HOUR FACTOR (PHF)
Sample Problem 1.

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 PEAK HOUR FACTOR (PHF)
Sample Problem 2.

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

 POISSON DISTRIBUTION MODELS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

 POISSON DISTRIBUTION MODELS

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo

References:
Highway Engineering- S.K. Khanna & C.E.G. Justo
Importance of Transportation and Role of The Economic Developm
ent (impoff.com)
cross sections of three 18th-century European roads - Stu
dents | Britannica Kids | Homework Help
6 Types of Road Patterns - The Constructor

Prepared by: Engr. James Bagallon Ferrancullo