11 - AC Power Analysis

Electrical Network Analysis

(By AP Muhammad Shafique)

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 11 - AC Power Analysis
Key Points:
 Introduction
 Instantaneous and Average Power
 Maximum Average Power Transfer
 Effective or RMS Values
 Apparent Power and Power Factor
 Complex Power
 Conservation of AC Power
 Power Factor Correction
 Problems and Examples
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 Introduction
• Ever since the advent of Electricity, the Electric Power has become one
of the most potent and widely used source of Energy.
• Numerous systems like communication, control, industrial equipment
and household electronics and gadgets are around us.
• All such systems use electrical power and produce work and energy for
human kind.
• Calculation of electrical power is important from two aspects:
– How much power the system shall require for functioning and how much shall be
the useful work; the Efficiency.
– How much power the system and its components can withstand without
breaking down.
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Instantaneous and Average Power

Instantaneous power is difficult to measure, whereas

the average power is measured using wattmeter.

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 Average Power

What is the average of a time varying function over a given period of time?

For periodical function

Here

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 Average Power in Phasor Form

Let us try to express the Average Power in Phasor form:

Back

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 Average Power-Pure Resistive and Pure Reactive Load
• There are Two Special Cases for Average Power:
– Resistive Load: For Resistor, the phase difference between voltage and current is zero, therefor,
thus and
For Pure Resistive Load.
– For pure Reactive Load meaning the load is pure Inductive or Capacitive, showing that the Load
Voltage and the Load Current has a Phase difference of 90o . Therefore, the Average Power for
Pure Reactive Load is Zero.

For Pure Resistive Load .

Remember these results are valid for sinusoidal forcing functions only!!
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Example

Calculate the power at t =

0.5msec.

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Example

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 Example

𝐼𝐿
𝒐
𝑽 =𝟏𝟎𝟓 .𝟖𝟑∠𝟏𝟎.𝟖𝟗𝟑 𝑽
We need the voltage and current associated with each circuit element
Voltage across the capacitor

1. Power for the Current Source: Voltage is: −𝑉 4 𝐴 +4 ×20 +105.83 ∠10.893=0 𝑉 1=1 85 ∠6 . 21 𝑉
W 4. Power for –j5Ω Capacitor :
W
2. Power for 20Ω Resistor : W
5. Power for Voltage Source:
3. Power for j10Ω Inductor : Current through the Inductor is A W
Watts
𝑃 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =−367.84 +160+ 0+0 +207.84=0 Watts
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 Maximum Power Transfer Example

First find the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit.

𝑜 8− 𝑗6
𝑉 𝑇𝐻 =10 ∠0 × =7.454 ∠− 10.3 𝑉
8 − 𝑗 6+4
4 ×(8 − 𝑗 6 )
𝑍 𝑇𝐻 = 𝑗 5+ =2.933+ 𝑗 4.467 Ω
4+ 8 − 𝑗 6
∗
𝑍 𝐿 =𝑍 𝑇𝐻 =2.933 − 𝑗 4.467 Ω
7.454 2
𝑃 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑= =4.76 𝑊
4 ×2.933

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 Example

Students to solve this example by themselves

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Since the instantaneous power for AC Circuit is:

The Average Power for AC Circuit shall be:

Now the Average Power for DC Circuit is:

It is effective or Root Mean Square (RMS)

Value of a Periodic Function.

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 RMS Value for a Sinusoidal Function
Let sinusoidal current be as

Then, the effective or rms value shall be:

Here

These expressions are for Sinusoidal functions only.

The average Power P : The average Power P for a Resistor shall be :

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RMS Value for a Non-Sinusoidal Periodic Function

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 Leading ,Lagging and Unity Power Factor
• Leading or Lagging Power Factor is associated with the Leading or Lagging
Current Respectively;
• In any Circuit Element (Voltage Source, Load Impedance etc.), if the
Current through that Element is Lagging, the Power Factor will be lagging
and vice versa.
• Leading or Lagging PF can also be determined if the LOAD is Leading or
Lagging;

• Unity PF Implies Z = R and Reactance X =0. The Load is Resistive and

Phase difference between Voltage and Current is Zero.

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 Leading ,Lagging and Unity Power Factor

Leading PF Lagging PF Lagging PF

Let the Phase Angle of the Voltage be

𝑽
𝒁 = 𝑹 + 𝒋𝑿 𝑰=
𝒁
𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 ?

𝒁 =𝑹 − 𝒋𝑿 𝑽
𝑰= 𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 ?
𝒁
𝑽
𝒁 =𝑹 − 𝒋 𝟎 𝑰=
𝒁
𝒏𝒐𝒘 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒃𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒈𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒐𝒓 𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 ?
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End Chapter Problem: 36

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Average Power

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 VECTORS

𝑷 + 𝒋𝑸=𝑷 𝟏+ 𝒋 𝑸 𝟏 +𝑷 𝟐 + 𝒋 𝑸 𝟐+.. .+ 𝑷 𝑵 + 𝒋 𝑸 𝑵
𝑷 = 𝑷 𝟏 + 𝑷 𝟐 +. . . + 𝑷 𝑵
𝑸=𝑸 𝟏 +𝑸 𝟐+.. .+𝑸 𝑵

Scalers (Magnitudes)
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Complex Power Related Quantities

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Summary of AC Power Terms

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End-Chapter Problem

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 Simple Example for Lagging Load
𝑜
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑉 =220 ∠0 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑀𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 =4+ 𝑗 3 Ω
𝑜
𝐼=44 ∠− 36.87 𝐴𝑚𝑝
What is the complex power absorbed by the Inductive Load?

𝐒= 𝐕 𝐈∗=𝟐𝟐𝟎∠ 𝟎𝒐 × 𝟒𝟒∠+𝟑𝟔.𝟖𝟕𝐨 =𝟕𝟕𝟒𝟒+ 𝐣 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟖 𝐕𝐀

𝐏 =𝟕𝟕𝟒𝟒 𝐖 , 𝐐 = 𝐣 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟖 𝐕𝐀𝐑 𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐏𝐅 =𝟎.𝟖 𝐋𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 .

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 Adding a Capacitor
Let us add a capacitor that contributes as 𝑍 𝐶 =− 𝑗 25 Ω
𝑜
220 ∠ 0 𝑜
𝐼 𝐶= =8.8 ∠ 90 𝐴𝑚𝑝
− 𝑗 25
SC =220 ∠ 0 o ×8.8 ∠ − 90 o=− j 1936 VAR

𝑺𝟏=𝟕𝟕𝟒𝟒+ 𝐣 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟖 𝐕𝐀
𝑺𝟐=𝟕𝟕𝟒𝟒+ 𝐣 𝟓𝟖𝟎𝟖 − 𝐣 𝟏𝟗𝟑𝟔=𝟕𝟕𝟒𝟒+ 𝐣 𝟑𝟖𝟕𝟐 𝐕𝐀 𝑺𝟏

𝐏𝐅 =𝐜𝐨𝐬 ¿
𝑺𝟐

𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐏𝐅=𝟎.𝟖 𝐋𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 .

𝐈𝐦𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐝 𝐏𝐅=𝟎.𝟖𝟗𝟒𝟒 𝐋𝐚𝐠𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 .
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 Calculating Capacitor for Power Factor Correction

What is the reactive power of the

Capacitor?
∗
𝑄 𝐶=𝑉 𝐶 [ 𝐼𝐶 ] =𝑉 𝐶 .¿¿
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Remember Voltage is in RMS. | 𝑍 𝐶|= 𝜔𝐶
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𝑄 𝐶 =𝜔 𝐶𝑉 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑸𝑪
𝑪= 𝟐
𝝎𝑽 𝑪

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 An Example

Students to solve this example by themselves

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An Example

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End Chapter Problem

𝐂=𝟏𝟔.𝟖𝟓 𝛍 𝑭
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End of Chapter No. 11

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