Physics 114A - Mechanics

Lecture 31 (Walker: Ch. 13.1-3)

Oscillations I
March 8, 2012

John G. Cramer
Professor Emeritus, Department of Physics
B451 PAB
[email protected]
 Announcements
 Homework #9 is due at 11:59 PM on Sunday, June 11.
 This is the week for Physics 117 Lab Makeups. If you missed
any labs, you should use it.
 Exam 3 was returned on Tuesday. Scores for Parts 1 & 2 are
posted on WebAssign. If you took Exam 3 and have a 0 for
Part 2, see Susan Miller immediately.
 I have computed a “Preliminary Grade” and posted it on
WebAssign. It is based on Exams 1-3, clicker, and HW#1-8
only. You need to take the Final only if you want to try to
improve this preliminary grade. However, you must complete
HW#9.

March 8, 2012 Physics 114A - Lecture 31 2/29

 The Physics 114A Final Exam
 On Monday, March 12 at 2:30 PM we will have the Final
Exam, covering Chapters 1 through 13 of Walker. It will
be a 100 point exam similar in format to the previous
Exams, except that it will be all multiple choice. There
will be some emphasis on Chapters 12 and 13 and on
material covered in Chapters 1-11 but not tested on
previous exams.
 If you have successfully taken Exams 1-3 and are satisfied
with your grades, the Final is optional. The “Estimated
Course Grade” is posted on WebAssign.
 New Seat Assignments for the Final are now posted on the
classroom doors.

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 Lecture Schedule (Part 4)
Physics 114A - Introduction to Mechanics - Winter-2012
Lecture: Professor John G. Cramer
Textbook: Physics, Vol. 1 (UW Edition), James S. Walker
Week Date L# Lecture Topic Pages Slides Reading HW Due Lab
20-Feb-12 H3 President's Day Holiday
21-Feb-12 24 Rotational Inertia 5 24 10-4 to 10-5 Angular Kinematics
8 23-Feb-12 25 Energy Conservation II 5 25 10-6 HW7 Torque

24-Feb-12 26 Torque & Equilibrium 18 26 11-1 to 11-4

27-Feb-12 27 Angular Momentum 10 25 11-5 to 11-7
28-Feb-12 28 Rotational Dynamics 3 26 11-8 to 11-9 Rotational Motion,
9 1-Mar-12 R3 Review & Extension - 49 - HW8 Mom.of Inertia
We are here.
2-Mar-12 E3 EXAM 3 - Chapters 9-11
5-Mar-12 29 Gravity Revisited 16 29 12-1 to 12-3
6-Mar-12 30 Gravitational Energy 10 29 12-4 to 12-5
10 8-Mar-12 31 Oscillations I 14 30 13-1 to 13-4
Make-up labs

9-Mar-12 32 Oscillations II 12 32 13-5 to 13-8 HW9

12-Mar-12 FE Final Examination, 2:30 - 4:20 PM, Monday, March 12 (Comprehensive)

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 Oscillations

Oscillations (whether sinusoidal or otherwise) have some

common characteristics:
1. They take place around an equilibrium position;
2. The motion is periodic and repeats with each cycle.

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 Periodic Motion
Period: time required for one cycle of periodic
motion
Frequency: number of oscillations per unit time

The frequency
unit is called a
hertz (Hz):
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 Frequency and Period
f  1/ T and T  1/ f
f is the frequency T is the period (units: s)
(units: Hz  oscillations per second)

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 Example: Radio Station
Frequency and Period

What is the oscillation period of an FM radio

station that broadcasts at 100 MHz?

f  100 MHz  1.0 108 Hz

1 8
T  1/ f   1.0  10 s  10 ns
1.0 10 Hz
8

Note that 1/Hz = s

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 Simple Harmonic Motion
A spring
exerts a restoring
force that is
proportional to
the displacement
from equilibrium:

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 Simple Harmonic Motion
A mass on a spring has a displacement as a
function of time that is a sine or cosine curve:
Here, A is called
the amplitude of
the motion.

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 Simple Harmonic Motion
If we call the period of the motion T (this is
the time to complete one full cycle) we can write
the position as a function of time as:

It is then straightforward to show that

the position at time t + T is the same as the
position at time t (one period earlier), as we
would expect.
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Connections between Uniform Circular
Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion

An object in simple
harmonic motion has the
same motion as one
component of an object in
uniform circular motion:

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Connections between Uniform Circular
Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
Uniform circular
motion projected into
one dimension is simple
harmonic motion (SHM).

Consider a particle
rotating ccw, with the
angle  increasing
linearly with time:

x  A cos 


 , so   t if   0 at t  0.
t
x(t )  A cos t

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Connections between Uniform Circular
Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion

Here, the object in circular motion has an

angular speed of

where T is the period of motion of the

object in simple harmonic motion.

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Connections between Uniform Circular
Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
The position as a function of time:

The angular frequency:

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Connections between Uniform Circular
Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
The velocity as a function of time:

And the acceleration:

Both of these are found by taking

components of the circular motion quantities.

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The Period of a Mass on a Spring
Since the force on a mass on a spring is
proportional to the displacement, and also to the
acceleration, we find that .
Substituting the time dependencies of a and
x gives:

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The Period of a Mass on a Spring
Therefore, the period is:

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 Mass+Spring
Simple Harmonic Motion
F   kx  max
k
ax   x
m
In simple harmonic motion (SHM), the acceleration, and thus
the net force, are both proportional to and oppositely directed
from the displacement from the equilibrium position.

1 
frequency  f  
T 2
x(t )  A cos t    A = amplitude
 = angular frequency
= phase
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 SHM Prototype Experiment
Consider Fig. (a). An
air-track glider attached
to a spring. The glider is
pulled a distance A from its
rest position and released.
Fig. (b) shows a graph of
the motion of the glider, as
measured each 1/20 of a
second.
The graphs on the right
show the position and
velocity of the glider from
the same measurements.
We see that A=0.17 m and
T=1.60 s. Therefore the
oscillation frequency of the
system is f = 0.625 Hz

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 Two Oscillating Systems
The diagram shows two identical
masses attached to two identical
springs and resting on a horizontal
frictionless surface. Spring 1 is
stretched to 5 cm, spring 2 is
stretched to 10 cm, and the masses
are released at the same time.
Which mass reaches the
equilibrium position first?
Because k and m are the same,
the systems have the same period,
so they must return to equilibrium
at the same time.
The frequency and period of
SHM are independent of amplitude.

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 Clicker Question 1
Shown are two mass
+ spring systems. The
blocks have the same
mass.
When set into
oscillation, what is the
relation between the
oscillation periods T1,2
of the two systems?

(a) T1>T2 (b) T1=T2 (c) T1<T2

(d) Need to know m and k to answer
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 Example: A Block on a Spring
A 2.00 kg block is attached to a spring as shown.
The force constant of the spring is k = 196 N/m.
The block is held a distance of 5.00 cm from
equilibrium and released at t = 0.
(a) Find the angular frequency , the frequency f, and the period T.
(b) Write an equation for x vs. time.

k (196 N/m)  (9.90 rad/s)

   9.90 rad/s f    1.58 Hz
m (2.00 kg) 2 2

T  1/ f  0.635 s A  5.00 cm and   0

x  (5.00 cm) cos (9.90 rad/s)t 

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 Example: A System in SHM
An air-track glider is attached to a spring,
pulled 20 cm to the right, and released
at t-=0. It makes 15 complete
oscillations in 10 s.
a. What is the period of oscillation?
b. What is the object’s maximum speed?
c. What is its position and velocity at t=0.80 s?
15 oscillations T  1/ f  0.667 s
f 
10 s 2 A 2 (0.20 m)
 1.5 oscillations/s  1.5 Hz vmax    1.88 m/s
T (0.667 s)
2 t 2 (0.80 s)
x  A cos  (0.20 m) cos  0.062 m  6.2 cm
T (0.667 s)

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 Example: Finding the Time
A mass, oscillating in simple harmonic motion,
starts at x = A and has period T.
At what time, as a fraction of T, does the
mass first pass through x = ½A?
2 t
x  A  A cos
1
2
T
T 1  1  T  1
t cos  2    6T
2 2 3

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 The Phase Constant
But what if  is not zero at t=0?

  t  0
x(t )  A cos t  0 

v(t )   A sin t  0 

 vmax sin t  0 

Set t  0:
x0  x(0)  A cos 0 A phase constant 0 means that the
rotation starts at a different point on the
v0 x  v(0)   A sin 0 circle, implying different initial conditions.

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 SHM Initial Conditions
k
 x(t )  A cos t   
m

x0  x(t  0)  A cos  v0 x
   arctan
v0 x  vx (t  0)   A sin   x0

a0 x  ax (t  0)   2 A cos    2 x0
 t 
x(t )  x(t  T )  x(t  nT ) T  2 or   2 / T x  A cos  2   
 T 
k 1 k m
Since   , f  and T  2
m 2 m k
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 Phases and Oscillations
  
Here are three examples of
differing initial conditions:

1. , implying x0 = A/2

and moving to the left
(v<0);

2. , implying x0 = A/2

and moving to the right
(v>0);

3.  implying x0 =A and

momentarily at rest (v=0).

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 End of Lecture 31
 For Friday, read Walker, Chapter 13.5-8.
 Estimated 114B course grades are now
posted on Tycho under “Final Grade #1”.
 Homework Assignment #9 is due at 11:59 PM on
Sunday, March 11.
 There are still a few people who need to
register their clickers.

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