INTRODUCTION TO

SEGMENT
ROUTING
27 July 2023
 About Me

Name : Muhammad Danu Wiyoto

Address : Karawaci, Tangerang, Banten
Education : S.Kom – Binus University, Jakarta (2000 – 2005)
E-mail : [email protected]
[email protected]
Telegram : t.me/danu48413
Title : CCIE EI #48413

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Topic List

01 02 03

Segment Routing Segment Routing How Does SR

Background Overview Works

04 05 06

Label Segment Segment Segment Routing –

Routing Classification Traffic Engineering
 01
Segment Routing
Background
 History of SR
1 of 5

2013 2015 2017 2019 2023

Cisco and Juniper Try 1st SR Deployment Cisco, Juniper, Huawei, ISP Adopt Is being developed
Interoperability Multi Nokia Adopt SR
Vendor

2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

1 Idea SR by
st
RFC 7855 – SR Concept, RFC 8096 – RFC 8402 Version 2 SR RFC 8988-Server-Sent Events:
Clerence Filsfils and RFC 8402 – SR Requirement for proof - TE An Event Stream Protocol for
Stefano Previdi of Architecture and protocol of transit , RFC 8406 - Transporting Real-Time Events,
Cisco position Taxonomy of Coding RFC 9020-The Lightweight
Techniques for Efficient Directory Access Protocol
Network (LDAP) Certificate Syntax
Communications Update
 History of SR
2 of 5

Segment-Routing: 2017

Americas EMEA APJC

14 6 4

Deployed
Deployment Planned
 History of SR
3 of 5

Segment-Routing: 2020

Americas EMEA APJC

101 57 43

Deployed
Deployment Planned
 History of SR
4 of 5

Segment Routing Standardization Sample IETF Documents

Problem Statement and Requirements
IETF standardization in Source Packet Routing in Networking (RFC 7855)

(SPRING) working group Segment Routing Architecture (

draft-ietf-spring-segment-routin
g )
IPv6 SPRING Use Cases (dr
First RFC document - RFC 7855 (May 2016) aft-ietf-spring-ipv6-use-cases)
Segment Routing with MPLS data plane
Protocol extensions progressing in multiple groups (draft-ietf-spring-segment-routing-mpls)

• IS-IS Topology Independent Fast Reroute using Segment Routing

(draft-bashandy-rtgwg-segment-routing-ti-lfa)
• OSPF
IS-IS Extensions for Segment Routing (
• PCE draft-ietf-isis-segment-routing-extension
s )
• IDR OSPF Extensions for Segment Routing (
draft-ietf-ospf-segment-routing-extensio
• 6MAN ns )
PCEP Extensions for Segment Routing
• BESS (draft-ietf-pce-segment-routing)
Broad vendor support
40+ IETF drafts in progress
 History of SR
5 of 5

First RFC document - RFC 7855

(May 2016)

Strong Commitment and Hard Work

Editor of 96% IETF RFCs

Co-author of 100% IETF RFCs
Editor of 77% IETF WG Drafts
Co-author of 84% IETF WG Drafts

Over 70 RFCs/ Drafts spanning 13 groups

 Why Segment Routing?
1 of 2

The advancement of global informatization is accelerating the development of

Internet applications.

To solve these issues, SR was developed and influence of the SDN concept. SDN
drawing on the universal hardware, software-defined functions, and open-source
model of the computer field.
 Why Segment Routing?
2 of 2
Network Resiliency
TI-LFA and automated 50ms protection

End to End path control

Shortest Path Multi—
Network Simplification
Eliminate LDP, RSVP Domain TE
protocols SR-PCE + Distributed CP

Service Aware underlay

Automated Traffic Steering

OAM and performance management

Underlay and service monitoring Scalability
Real time adjustments based on OAM Multidomain architecture
On-Demand Next-Hop (ODN)
Stateless
Standards Based
No vendor lock-in
 02
Segment Routing
Overview
 Traditional IP Routing
10.1.1.0/24 Routing Routing
Lookup Lookup 10.1.1.1

Routing
Lookup

• Routing protocols are used to distribute Layer 3 routing information.

• A forwarding decision is made, based on:
- Packet header
- Local routing table
• Routing lookups are independently performed at every hop.
 MPLS
IP
MPLS/IP
A B C D
IP L IP L IP IP IP

• MPLS technology enhances IP routing and Cisco Express Forwarding switching in service
provider core networks.
• Switching mechanism where packets are switched is based on labels:
- Labels usually correspond to destination IP networks.
• Only the routers on the edge of the MPLS domain perform routing lookup.
• An additional header, called the MPLS label, is inserted and used for MPLS switching ‘x`.
 What is Segment Routing
1 of 2

* Segment routing (SR) is a source-based routing technique that simplifies traffic

engineering and management across network domains.

* SR can be directly applied to the MPLS architecture with no change to the

forwarding plane. A segment is encoded as an MPLS label.
 What is Segment Routing
2 of 2

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 SR Characteristics

• Utilize existing devices by upgrading devices that support SR

• Support Centralized & Distributed
Control Plane
• Can adapt to the controller
Routing protocols with extensions
(IS-IS,OSPF, BGP)

Data Plane
MPLS IPv6
(segment labels) (+SR header)

Paths options

Dynamic Explicit
(Headend computation) (Operator / Controller)
 Benefit SR

Segment Routing has Advantages in Except on that aspect, SR has Other

every aspect : advantages :

• Ready for SDN -> provides balance

• Efficiency
between Distributed intelligence and
• Scalability
Centralized optimization
• Flexibility • Minimal Configuration
• Multi Vendor • Load Balancing
• Network Optimization • Support Fast Reroute (FRR)
• Plug-and-Play deployment
 Distributed Intelligent
• The segments are allocated and
signaled by IS-IS or OSPF or BGP.

• A node individually decides to steer

packets on a SR Policy.
Control Plane D ata Plan Control Plane D ata Plan Control Plane D ata Plan
e e e

Control Plane D ata Plan

e

Control Plane D ata Plan Control Plane D ata Plan Control Plane D ata Plan
e e e
 Centralized Optimization

• The segments are allocated and Control Plane

instantiated by an SR controller. Controller

• The SR controller decides which

nodes need to steer which packets D ata Plane D ata Plane D ata Plane
on which source-routed policies.

• Multiple SR controllers may

D ata Plane
program the same SR domain.

D ata Plane D ata Plane D ata Plane

 03
How Does SR
Works
 Segment Routing Work

1004 1004 PoP

Push Swap 2019
P
2019 P
2019
Packet to R8
Packet to R8 Packet to R8
1001 1002 1003 1004 1008

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

2009 2011 2013 2020

2019
Packet to R8
Packet to R8

2010
2012 2014 PHP/PoP

2019
2015 2016 2017 2018

1005 1006 1007

 Components of Segment Routing
Segment Routing (SR) Domain
A collection of nodes which participate is SR protocols. Within an SR domain a node can execute ingress,
transit or egress procedures.

Segment Routing (SR) Path

An ordered list of segments which connect an SR ingress node to SR egress node following least cost path
principal.

Segment Routing (SR) Segment

A forwarding instruction which causes a packet to traverse a section of network topology. SR defines any
SR segment type and two used most often are adjacent and prefixed ones. An adjacency is a strict forward
single hop tunnel. A prefix is a multihop tunnel which uses equal cost multihop-aware shortest path link to
reach each prefix.
 Analogy Segment Routing
Segment Routing Path

Adj-SID
Node & Prefix SID Node & Prefix SID
R2 R3 Ad
ID j-
j-S SID
Ad
R1 ent 1
Segment 2 Se g m
e nt 3 R6
Ingress Se gm
Egress
Ad ID
j-S j-S
ID Adj-SID Ad

Legend : Segment
R4 R5
Segment Routing Domain
 Source Routing

Explanation Source Routing Source Routing Has Two Type

Source Routing is an optional way for Loose

the sender of a packet (the source) to Loose source routing lets managers specify an address that the
include information in the packet that packet must pass through on its way to the destination. It is loose
tells the route the packet should take to source routing that aids an attacker.
get to its destination.
Strict
Source routing can be strict or loose. Strict source routing lets a
manager specify the path through all the routers to the destination.
Return responses use the same path in reverse.
 Loose
R1

R2 R3

R6

Path : R1 – R4 – R6 R4 R5
 Strict
R1

R2 R3

R6

Path : R1 – R2 – R4 – R5 – R6 R4 R5
 04
Label Segment
Routing
 Label

There is three type of Label in Segment

Routing :
• Segment Routing Local Block (SRLB)
• Segment Routing Global Block (SRGB)
• Dynamic Label
SR Label
0
… Special Purpose and
14,999 MPLS static Labels
15,000 – 15,999 SRLB (preserved)
16,000
… SRGB (preserved)
23,999
24,000
…
Dynamic Label
…
1,048,575
 05
Segment
Classification
 Segment Classification

16001 16002 16003

15001 15002 16301

16101
10.1.1.0/24 10.3.1.0/24

15003 Prefix SID: 16101, 16201, 16301

Adjacency SID: 15001, 15002, 15003
Node SID : 16001, 16002, 16003
16201
10.2.1.0/24
 06
Segment Routing -
Traffic Engineering
SR-TE Tunnels Benefits
 SR-TE
• Simple, Automated and Scalable
– No core state: state in the packet header
– No tunnel interface: “SR Policy”
– No head-end a-priori configuration: on-demand policy instantiation
– No head-end a-priori steering: automated steering
• Multi-Domain
– SR PCE for compute
– Binding-SID (BSID) for scale
• Lots of Functionality
– Designed with lead operators along their use-cases
Thanks