HARMFUL GAS DETECTION

SYSTEM
Presented By:
Saurabh Biswas
Swani Chatterjee
Suryashmi Chakraborty
Under the Guidance of Mr. Durjoy Roy.
 FLOW OF THE PRESENTATION:

• Brief Description of the Project

• Materials used
• Elaboration of Arduino Uno
• Elaboration of Sensors used
• GSM Module
• Power Supply of the circuit
• Programming part
• Output & Results
• Conclusion
• Future Enhancements
• References
 OBJECTIVE
The primary objective of this project is to create a robust and efficient system that can continuously monitor the concentration levels of harmful gases in real-time. The device's versatility enables it to detect a wide range of
toxic gases, including CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, NO, NH2, O3, and H2S. Each of these gases is known to have adverse effects on human health, vegetation, and the delicate balance of ecosystems.
Beyond the immediate focus on human health, our project also takes into account the impact of air pollution on the natural world, particularly on vital pollinators like butterflies. Butterflies play a critical role in pollination,
contributing to the reproduction of various plants and sustaining biodiversity.
MATERIALS USED

• Arduino UNO
• The Sensors used in our project includes: MQ-7 Sensor, MQ-135
Sensor, AGS02MA Sensor (TVOC Sensor), DHT11 sensor.
• SIM900A GSM module
• Batteries, Wires and Boost Converter for the external voltage
supply.
 ARDUINO UNO
It is a microcontroller board developed by Arduino.cc and is based on Atmega328 Microcontroller.

Key Points:
• The Arduino Uno's board design includes a set of digital input/output (I/O) pins and analog input
pins, allowing users to connect various sensors, actuators, and other electronic components.
• It supports serial communication through USB, enabling seamless interaction with computers for
code upload, data exchange, and debugging. Moreover, the board is equipped with UART, I2C, and
SPI interfaces.
• Arduino Uno's flexibility extends beyond hardware, with its open-source nature encouraging a
vast ecosystem of shields, extensions, and add-ons that further expand its capabilities.
 ARCHITECTURE OF ARDUINO UNO:
Arduino’s processor basically uses the Harvard architecture where the program code and
program data have separate memory. It consists of two memories- Program memory and
the data memory.

 Clock Source

• The microcontroller relies on a crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator

as its clock source. In the case of Arduino Uno, it utilizes a 16 MHz
crystal oscillator.
 Microcontroller ATmega328P
The ATmega328P is a 8-bit microcontroller.

• ATmega328P uses Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

architecture.
• Operates at a clock speed of 16 MHz.
• Its has a non-volatile flash memory of 32KB.
• It also features 1KB of EEPROM.
• The microcontroller boasts a rich set of peripherals, including digital
and analog I/O pins, UART, SPI, and I2C interfaces.
 Pin Configuration of ATmega328P

• Digital I/O Pins (D0 to D13)

• Analog Input Pins (A0 to A5)
• Power Pins
• Reset (RESET)
• Crystal Oscillator Pins (XTAL1 and XTAL2)
• Serial Communication Pins (RX and TX)
• Special Function Pins
• Power Supply Pins
 Memory unit & I/O Ports

• Flash Memory,
• SRAM
• EEPROM Digital I/O Ports
• Analog Input Ports
• Power Pins
• Special Function Pins
 OPERATION
• POWERING THE ARDUINO UNO
• PROGRAM UPLOAD
• SETUP FUNCTION
• LOOP FUNCTION
• DIGITAL AND ANALOG INPUT/OUTPUT(I/O)PINS
• ANALOG READINGS
• SERIAL COMMUNICATION
• EXTERNAL COMMUNICATION
• LOOP EXECUTION
 SENSORS
A sensor is a device or an instrument that detects and measures physical
properties or changes in the environment and converts them into electrical signals
or other readable formats.
CHARACTERSTICS OF SENSORS TYPES OF SENSORS
• Sensitivity Temperature Sensor
• Range Gas Sensor
• Accuracy Image Sensor
• Precision Light Sensor
• Resolution Humidity Sensor
SENSORS USED IN THIS DEVICE
• Here we are using the Gas sensors. The sensors used for CO detection is MQ-7, for
detecting CO2 is MQ-135 sensor, for detecting SO2, NO2, NO, O3, H2S (i.e. VOC) is
AGSM02A(TVOC Sensor) and DHT11 sensor for Temperature and Humidity
detection.
 MQ-7 Sensor
The MQ-7 sensor is a type of gas sensor widely used to detect carbon monoxide (CO) gas.
The MQ-7 sensor is available in a compact and portable module.

SPECIFICATIONS
• Gas Detected: Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Sensing Material: Tin Dioxide (SnO2)
• Heater Voltage: operates at 5V DC
• Target Gas Concentration Range: Usually 10 to 500 ppm
• Output Signal: Analog voltage output (varies with CO concentration)
WORKING PRINCIPLES
• Oxidation of Tin Dioxide (SnO2): SnO2 (sensing element) + O2 (air) ⟶ SnO2

(unchanged)
• Adsorption of Carbon Monoxide (CO):
SnO2 (sensing element) + CO (atmosphere) ⟶ SnO2-CO complex
• Change in Conductivity: change in conductivity is the key factor that allows the MQ-7
sensor to detect the presence of CO gas.
• Output Voltage Variation: By measuring and interpreting the output voltage, the sensor
can provide an estimate of the CO gas concentration in parts per million (ppm).
SIGNIFICANCE
• Research and Experimentation
• Internet of Things (IoT) Devices
 MQ-135 Sensor
The MQ-135 sensor is a gas sensor commonly used to detect and measure air quality, it is
also used for CO2 detection.

• SPECIFICATIONS
• Gas Detected: Carbon-di-oxide(CO ) 2

• Sensing Material: SnO (tin dioxide)

2

• Heater Voltage: operates at 5V DC

• Target Gas Concentration Range: is commonly used for detecting
concentrations in the range of several 10s to 100s of PPM.
• Output Signal: Analog voltage output (varies with gas concentration).
WORKING PRINCIPLE
Steps involved in the working of MQ-135 Sensor
• Infrared Light Source
• Gas Sample Chamber
• Absorption of Infrared Radiation
• Detector
• Signal Processing
• Output
SIGNIFICANCE
• Research and Experimentation
• Internet of Things (IoT) Devices
• Portable Gas Detectors
 AGS02MA Sensor
The AGS02MA also know as TVOC sensor is used to detect Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs).

SPECIFICATIONS

• Gas Detected: NH3, NO, NO , O , SO

2 3 2

• Sensing Principle: Catalytic sensor

• Heater Voltage: operates at 5V DC
• Target Gas Concentration Range: measures in ppb
• Output Signal: Analog voltage output
 Materials Used in AGS02MA Sensor
The AGS02MA sensor utilizes a catalytic element made of platinum or other
noble metals.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Resistance Change
• Signal Processing
• Output Signal
SIGNIFICANCE
• Gas Leak Detection
• Research and Experimentation
• Internet of Things (IoT) Devices
 DHT11 sensor
The DHT11 sensor operates at a low voltage i.e. 3.3V to 5V DC. It provides relatively basic
accuracy for temperature and humidity measurements.

SPECIFICATIONS
• Sensor Type: Digital Temperature and Humidity Sensor
• Sensing Parameters: Temperature and relative humidity
• Temperature Measurement Range: 0°C to 50°C
• Humidity Measurement Range: 20% RH to 90% RH
• Operating Voltage: 3.3V to 5V DC
 Materials Used in DHT11 Sensor

The DHT11’s sensing element is made of a moisture-absorbing polymer material.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
• Sensing Element
• Temperature Sensor
• Signal Processing
• Timing and Communication
• Integrated Pull-Up Resistor
SIGNIFICANCE
• Cost-Effectiveness
• Environmental Monitoring
• Internet of Things (IoT) Devices
 GSM MODULE
A GSM module is a hardware device used to enable communication
over the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network.

The GSM module consists of a GSM modem, a SIM card holder,

antenna connector, and serial communication interface.

KEY FEATURE OF GSM MODULE

REMOTE SENSING
• Since this device focuses on tracking the surroundings of Butterflies as
they are the main pollinator for the environment so, by remote sensing
we are able to get the data without disturbing their natural Habitat.
 SIM900A GSM MODULE
Manufacturer - SIMCom.

An improved version of the SIM900 module and is widely used in various applications that require GSM communication capabilities. The
SIM900A module offers features like SMS messaging, voice calling, and GPRS data transmission.

KEY FEATURES APPLICATIONS

Communication interfaces Remote Monitoring and Control
SIM Card Holder IoT Devices
SMS Messaging Weather Stations
GPRS Data Transmission Alarm Systems
Voice Calls Vehicle Tracking
 SIM 900A ARCHITECTURE

• MICROCONTROLLER
• GSM/GPRS MODEM
• SIM CARD HOLDER
• ANTENNA CONNECTOR
• SERIAL COMMUNICATION INTERFACE
 PIN CONFIGURATION OF SIM900A
68 pins on SIM900A and using these pins helps to build the applications.

• Status Pin
• SIM900A Display Interface Pins
• I2C Pins
• SIM900A GSM Module Keypad interface Pins
• Serial Port
• Debug Interface
• SIM Interface
• SIM900A Analog to Digital converter Pins
• PWM Pins
• Audio Interface
• Control Pin
• Reset pins
• Power Pins
 OPERATION OF SIM900A

Below is a general outline of the operation of the SIM900A GSM module

1. Powering On 6. Sending SMS Messages
2. AT Command 7.Receiving SMS Messages
3. Sending AT Commands 8. Internet Connectivity
4. Making Voice Calls 9. Error Handling
5. Receiving Voice Calls 10. Powering Off

How to send message in mobile phone using SIM900A GSM Module

• Hardware Setup
• Power Up the SIM900A Module
• Enter AT Command Mode
• Set SMS Text Mode
• Specify Recipient and Message
• Enter the Message Text
• Send the SMS
• Verify Message Sent
 EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY
An external power supply is essential for the gas detection project's success, offering independence, continuous and stable
power, safety, extended deployment time, and flexibility.

Why do we need External Power Supply?

• Independence from USB Connection
• Continuous and Stable Power
• Safety Considerations
• Extended Deployment Time
• Flexibility and Versatility
 CIRCUIT DESIGN

• Power Source
• Battery Charging Module (TP-4056)
• Type-C and Micro USB Ports
• Switch
• Boost Converter (XL6019)

The power supply circuit with the TP-4056 charging module, 18650 Li-ion batteries, Type-C
and Micro USB ports, switch, and XL6019 boost converter provides a robust and flexible
power source for the gas detection project. It ensures continuous and stable power to the
Arduino Uno and gas sensors.
 Circuit Connection

• Arduino Uno Connections

• Gas Sensors (MQ-135 and MQ-7) Connections
• AGS02A (TVOC Sensor) Connection
• DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
• XL6019 Boost Converter and Switch
• TP-4056 Charging Module
• SIM900A GSM Module
 PROGRAMMING

• The Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)

• Code Editor
• Library Manager
• Serial Monitor
• Board Manager
• Sketch Upload
• Examples and Tutorials
CODES
 Execution of the Program
• Library Inclusion
• Macro Definitions
• Global Variable Declarations
• Setup Function
• Calibration of Sensors
• Sensor Readings in Loop
• Data Sending via GSM Module
• Data Receiving via GSM Module
 RESULTS AND OUTPUTS

Output without DHT Reading

Output with DHT Reading
 CONCLUSION
• By harnessing the power of IoT technology, we aimed to create an efficient and reliable
device capable of detecting and measuring multiple hazardous gases in the
environment.
• The gas sensors' precise working principles and sensitivities to specific gases were
meticulously studied, allowing us to calibrate and validate the accuracy of the gas
concentration measurements
• The core of the system, the Arduino Uno microcontroller, acted as the central hub,
interfacing with the sensors and the SIM900A GSM Module for real-time data
transmission.
• By monitoring these gases, we contribute to safeguarding biodiversity and promoting a
sustainable environment.
• In conclusion, our gas monitoring IoT project marks a substantial advancement in
addressing air pollution concerns.
 FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS
These enhancements are aimed at making the system more versatile, user-friendly,
and efficient in tackling environmental challenges. Some potential future
improvements include:

• Advanced Sensor Integration

• Wireless Connectivity
• Cloud-Based Data Storage
• Data Visualization
• Power Optimization
• Real-Time Alerts
 BENEFITS
The gas monitoring IoT device developed using Arduino Uno and various sensors
offers numerous benefits that contribute to addressing air pollution and
promoting a healthier and sustainable environment for Butterflies. Some of the
key advantages of this device are:
• Environmental Protection
• Public Health Safety
• Pollution Monitoring
• Data-Driven Decision Making
• Cost-Effective Solution
• Scalability and Versatility
• User-Friendly Interface
 REFERENCES

• Internet of Things (IoT): Principles, Paradigms and Applications of IoT

by Dr Kamlesh Lakhwani
• Arduino for Beginners by makerspaces
• Programming with Arduino by Hans-Petter Halvorsen
• SIM900A Details
• Arduino Code Optimization from ChatGPT
 THANK YOU
from
BATMAN and WONDER WOMEN