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Stress and Failure Analysis of Multidirectional Laminates New2

This document discusses several topics related to analyzing the strength of composite materials: 1. It describes failure theories for composite lamina, including limit theories, interactive theories, and failure-mode based theories. 2. It presents equations for calculating stresses and strains in symmetric laminates under general in-plane loading and determining their failure using criteria like Tsai-Hill. 3. Methods are described for computing stresses, strains, and failure analysis of general multidirectional laminates considering first ply failure.

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8 views42 pages

Stress and Failure Analysis of Multidirectional Laminates New2

This document discusses several topics related to analyzing the strength of composite materials: 1. It describes failure theories for composite lamina, including limit theories, interactive theories, and failure-mode based theories. 2. It presents equations for calculating stresses and strains in symmetric laminates under general in-plane loading and determining their failure using criteria like Tsai-Hill. 3. Methods are described for computing stresses, strains, and failure analysis of general multidirectional laminates considering first ply failure.

Uploaded by

miftah ahsan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Departemen Teknik Mesin

Strength of Unidirectional Lamina -


Macromechanics
Unidirectional (UD) Composite Configuration

L = Longitudinal
T = Transverse

A continuous unidirectional fibre composite can be described as (a) parallel


fibres arranged in a matrix. The elementary cell can be considered, to a first
approximation, as constituted of fibr embedded in a cylindrical matrix base.
Failure Theories

Lamina failure theories can be classified in the following three groups:

1. Limit or noninteractive theories:specific failure modes are predicted


by comparing individual lamina stresses or strains with corresponding
strengths or ultimate strains, for example, maximum stress and
maximum strain theories. No interaction among different stress
components on failure is considered.
2. Interactive theories : in which all stress components are included in
one expression (failure criterion). Overalll failure is predicted without
reference to particular failure modes (e.g., the Tsai-Hill and Tsai-Wu
theories).
3. Partially interactive or failure-mode-based theories: where separate
criteria are given for fiber and interfiber (matrix or interface) failures
((e.g., the Hashin-Rotem and Puck theories) .
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a)

(b)
Maximum strength vs initial fibre misalignment for a typical carbon
fibre composite.
STRESS ANALYSIS AND SAFETY FACTORS FOR FIRST PLY FAILURE OF
SYMMETRIC LAMINATES
the average laminate
stresses:

where h is the laminate thickness.


The laminate strains, which are uniform through
the thickness:

symmetric laminate under


general in-plane loading
The strains in layer k referred to its principal material axes are obtained by
transformation:

and the corresponding stresses are:


1. For the FPF approach, the selected failure criterion is applied to the state of
stress in each layer separately.
2. for a state of stress ( σ1, σ2, τ6)k in layer k, the state of stress at failure of

the same layer is Sfk ( σ1, σ2, τ6)k where Sfk is the safety factor for layer k.
3. Substitution of the critical (failure) state of stress in the Tsai-Wu failure
criterion:

Or
f1,f2,f11,f22,f66,f12 are related to the basic strength constants of the material.

Transverse
uniaxial
Longitudinal uniaxial loading
loading

Pure shear loading


STRESS ANALYSIS AND SAFETY FACTORS FOR FIRST PLY FAILURE OF
SYMMETRIC LAMINATES

Or

Where
STRESS ANALYSIS AND SAFETY FACTORS FOR FIRST PLY FAILURE OF
SYMMETRIC LAMINATES

Solution

And
Or

• Sfka, is the safety factor of layer k for the actual state of stress Sfk ( σ1, σ2, τ6)k

• Sfkr, is the safety factor of layer k for a state stress with reversed sign ( -σ1, -σ2, -τ6)k
• The procedure above is carried out repeatedly for all layers of the laminate to find
the minimum values of Sfka, and Sfkr.
• These minimum values are the safety factors of the laminate based on the FPF
approach, for the actual and reversed loadings
Strength of Components For First Ply Failure of Symmetric
Laminates
Given a multidirectional laminate loaded in the x direction:

Then, the reference plane strains and layer k strains are:


Strength of Components For First Ply Failure of Symmetric
Laminates

Or:
Strength of Components For First Ply Failure of Symmetric
Laminates

The axial tensile and compressive strengths of the laminate are obtained as:

The axial tensile strengths:

The axial compressive strengths:


COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE FOR STRESS AND FAILURE ANALYSIS
OF GENERAL MULTIDIRECTIONAL LAMINATES (FIRST PLY FAILURE)
COMPARISON OF TENSILE STRENGTHS OF UNIDIRECTIONAL
AND ANGLE-PLY LAMINATES (FIRST PLY FAILURE)
COMPARISON OF COMPRESSION STRENGTHS OF UNIDIRECTIONAL
AND ANGLE-PLY LAMINATES (FIRST PLY FAILURE)
COMPARISON OF IN-PLANE STRENGTHS OF UNIDIRECTIONAL
AND ANGLE-PLY LAMINATES (FIRST PLY FAILURE)
MICROMECHANICS OF PROGRESSIVE
FAILURE

X-radiographs of a [0/904]s carbon/epoxy laminate under


uniaxial tensile loading at various applied stress levels.
MICROMECHANICS OF PROGRESSIVE
FAILURE
INTERLAMINAR STRESSES AND STRENGTH OF
MULTIDIRECTIONAL LAMINATES: EDGE EFFECTS

• Normal tensile interlaminar stresses, or peel stresses, tend to separate the


laminae from each other.
• Interlaminar shear stresses tend to slide one lamina over adjacent ones.
• Interlaminar stresses can cause interlaminar separation or delamination.
• Delamination can interact with transverse cracking.
• Interlaminar stresses are mainly a function of the laminate stacking sequence;
thus, they can be controlled by proper design of the stacking sequence
INTERLAMINAR STRESSES AND STRENGTH OF MULTIDIRECTIONAL
LAMINATES: EDGE EFFECTS

Edge of the
laminate
Centre of the
laminate
INTERLAMINAR Fracture Toughness

• Interlaminar cracking or delamination can occur under three basic modes,


opening or peel mode (mode I), forward sliding shear mode (mode II), or
tearing mode (mode 111), or under combinations.
• The resistance to delamination growth is expressed in terms of the
interlaminar fracture toughness.
• The interlaminar fracture toughness is measured by the strain energy release
rate (GI, GII, or GIII), which is the energy dissipated per unit area of
delamination growth.
INTERLAMINAR Fracture Toughness
INTERLAMINAR Fracture Toughness

Double cantilever beam (DCB) for measurement of


mode I fracture toughness.
INTERLAMINAR Fracture Toughness

Mode 1 Mode 2
DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Examples
 In the following examples the strength parameters for various
composites used are given:
A ply of 60o fibre orientation is in the planar state of stress. The strains due to tension loading
are:

Check that whether lamina will fail if a) maximum stress theory b) maximum strain theory and
c) Tsai-Hill theory is used
Examples
 It is required to determine the axial tensile strength Fxt, of a [±45]ns laminate
using the Tsai-Hill criterion for First Ply Failure (FPF) of a laminate in Figure 1
subjected to a uniaxial stress:

(1)

[±45]ns angle-ply laminate


under uniaxial loading.
Examples
The strains, which are uniform through the thickness, can be related to the applied
stress and the laminate engineering properties as:
The strains in the – 45o
lamina referred to its
principal material axes are
obtained from the strain
(2)
transformation relations

(3) (4) (5)


The angle ϴ is measured positive counterclockwise from
the x-axis to the 1-axis.
Examples

The strains in the –45o lamina referred to its principal material axes are obtained
from the strain transformation relations:

(6)

(2) (6)
(7)
Examples

Referring to the relations below:

For composites with high-stiffness fibers


Examples

Normal strain and shear strain


(8)

The lamina stresses: (9)

The above stress components can be introduced into the Tsai-Hill


criterion to yield an exact value for σx at failure, that is Fx
Examples
The lamina stresses:

(9)
Examples

(9)

• The above stress components can be introduced into the Tsai-Hill


criterion to yield an exact value for σx at failure, that is Fx .
• An approximate value for the strength can be obtained more easily for
the case of a high-stiffness composite, that is, when E1 >> E2.
Examples

(9)

• An approximate value for the strength can be obtained more easily for
the case of a high-stiffness composite, that is, when E1 >> E2. Then
the lamina stress components in Equation 9 is

(10)
Examples

(10) Hence σ2 << σ1 and τ6 >> σ2

Substituting Equation 10 into the Tsai-Hill criterion:

(11)
Examples

(11)

we obtain for σx = Fxt :

(12)

For a high-strength composite with F1 >> F2 and F1 >> F6, Equation 12 is


further approximated as

(13)
Examples

(13)

and, because E1 >> E2 and F2 F6

(14)

Thus, the axial tensile strength of an angle ply laminate, for a high
stiffness and high strength composite is controlled by the in-plane shear
strength of the unidirectional lamina ; hence it is a matrix- dominated
property.

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