Unit : III

Linear Integrated
Circuits OP-AMP
(Operational Amplifier)
Blocks of operational
amplifier
 LM 741

Burr Brown- BB
Fairchild- µA,µAF
National Semiconductor-LM, LH, LF, TBA
Motorola- MC, MR
Texas instruments- SN
Signetics- N/S, NE/SE, SU
● S t a g e s of a n o p - a m p

INPUT
STAGE OUTPUT
STAGE

GAIN STAGE
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Properties

Ideal Op-Amp Practical Op-Amp

● Infinite input impedance ■ Input impedance 500k-2M

● Zero output impedance ■ Output impedance 20-100 
● Infinite open-loop gain ■ Open-loop gain (20k to 200k)
● Infinite bandwidth ■ Bandwidth limited (a few kHz)
● Zero noise contribution ■ Has noise contribution
● Zero D C output offset ■ Non-zero DC output offset

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■ Zero Noise Contribution
■ In an ideal op amp, all noise voltages produced are external to the
op amp. Thus any noise in the output signal must have been in the
input signal as well.

■ The ideal op amp contributes nothing extra to the output

noise.

■ In real op-amp, there is noise due to the internal circuitry of the

op-amp that contributes to the output noise.

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Op-Amp Parameters
● C O M M O N - M O D E REJECTION (CMRR)

● C O M M O N - M O D E INPUT VOLTAGE

● INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE

● INPUT BIAS CURRENT

● INPUT IMPEDANCE

● INPUT OFFSET CURRENT

● OUTPUT IMPEDANCE

● S L E W RATE

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● Common-Mode Rejection R a t i o ( C M R R )
● The ability of amplifier to reject the common-mode
signals (unwanted signals) while amplifying the
differential signal (desired signal).
●
● Ratio of open-loop gain, Aol to common-mode gain,
Acm
(
A ol
A
C M R R = CM RR = 20 ol

A lo g A cm

)
cm

■ The higher the CMRR, the better, in which the open-loop gain
is high and common-mode gain is low.

■ CMRR is usually expressed in dB & decreases with

frequency.

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■ Input Offset Voltage

■ Ideally, output of an op-amp is 0 Volt if the input is 0 Volt.

■ Realistically, a small dc voltage will appear at the output

when no input voltage is applied.

■ Thus, differential dc voltage is required between the inputs to

force the output to zero volts.

■ This is called the Input Offset Voltage, Vos. Range between 2

mV or less.

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● Input B i a s Current

● Ideally should be zero.

● The dc current required by the inputs of the amplifier to properly

operate the first stage.

● Is the average of both input currents.

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● Input Impedance

● Is the total resistance between the inverting and

non-inverting inputs.

● Differential input impedance : total resistance

between the inverting and non-inverting inputs.

● Common-mode input impedance: total resistance

between each input and ground.

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● I n p u t O f f s e t Current

● It is the difference of input bias currents.

Input offset current Offset voltage

I os=∣I 1−I 2∣
V os=I 1 Rin− I 2 Rin=(I 1−I
Thus, error

V out ( error )=Av I 2 ) Rin 12

● Slew Rate

● It is the maximum rate of change of the output

voltage in response to a step input voltage.

ΔV out
SlewRate= where ou =+ ma −(−Vma
Δt x )
13
ΔV t V x
● Slew Rate

● It’s a measure of how fast the output can “follow”

the input signal.

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● Example

Determine the slew rate:

ΔV out
SlewRate=
Δt

+9V−
SlewRate= 1μ
(−9V )
=18V / sμs

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Difference Amplifier
The difference amplifier and subtractor circuits are used to obtain the subtraction of two
input voltages.
Fig. shows the difference amplifier.
Assume V2 = 0, then circuit become non-inverting amplifier with output voltage V O1 and
it is given by,
VO1 = AV x VA
VO1 = [1 + (Rf / R1)] x [Rf / (Rf + R1)] V1
= [(R1 + Rf) / R1] x [Rf /(Rf + R1)] V1
∴ VO1 = (Rf / R1) V1
The output voltage of the difference amplifier is given as,
VO = (Rf / R1) x (V1 – V2)
(Rf / R1) is called as the “gain of the difference amplifier”.
B

A
Subtractor
The output voltage of difference amplifier is given by,
VO = (Rf / R1) x (V1 – V2)
If we substitute Rf = R1 = R in above equation, then we get,
VO = V1 – V2
And difference amplifier gets transformed into a subtractor.
Integrator
Ideal integrator circuit:

If f

1
IB
I1 V2
V1
IB
The ideal integrator circuit is obtained by replacing the feedback resistor Rf in the
inverting amplifier configuration by “C”.
The output voltage of integrator is:

.
Practical Integrator:

Applications of an integrator:
In the triangular wave or ramp generator
In the analog to digital converter
In analog computers to solve differential
equations.
As a low pass filter.
Differentiator
Ideal Differentiator Circuit:

= Rf
The differentiator can be constructed from the basic inverting amplifier by interchanging
resistance Rf and C1.
The expression for the output voltage of differentiator is given by,
Practical Differentiator:
Applications of differentiator:
1. In the P-I-D controller.
2. As a high pass filter
3. In the wave shaping circuits to generate narrow pulses corresponding to any sharp
change in the input signal.
Comparators
Op-AMP used in open loop mode of operation, operates as a comparator.
A comparator will produce either a high output voltage equal to + Vsat or a low output
voltage equal to – Vsat only, hence it can not be used as an amplifier.
There are two types of comparators:
1. Non inverting comparator
2. Inverting comparator
Non Inverting Comparator
In non-inverting comparator, ac signal is connected to non inverting terminal while
positive dc reference voltage is applied to the inverting terminal.
As the current through resistors R is almost zero, the voltage drop across them will be
equal to zero. Hence V1 = Vin and V2 = Vref. Hence Vd = V1 – V2 = Vin - Vref
The operation of this circuit is given in following table.

Input voltage Difference Voltage Output voltage VO

Vd
Vin > Vref Vd positive VO = + Vsat
Vin < Vref Vd negative VO = - Vsat

sat

sat
Inverting Comparator
In inverting comparator, ac input voltage is applied to inverting terminal while dc
reference voltage Vref is applied to non inverting terminal.
Here, differential input voltage Vd is given by,
Vd = V1 – V2 = Vref - Vin
The operation of this circuit is given in following table.

Input voltage Difference Voltage Output voltage VO

Vd
Vin < Vref Vd positive VO = + Vsat
Vin > Vref Vd negative VO = - Vsat
TIMERS
IC 555 Timer
The timing and counting circuits find their applications in many of the mechanical and
electronic process control systems.
one of the most popular timer integrated circuit is IC 555.
Features of IC NE 555:
1. Supply voltage range: 5 to 18 Volt.
2. Current sinking and sourcing capacity : 200 mA
3. High temperature stability.
4. Timing can be adjusted from microseconds to hours.
5. Duty cycle of the output is adjustable.
6. Output is compatible with CMOS and TTL.
7. Good timing stability against supply voltage variations.
8. Low cost.
9. Versatile in operation.
Functional block diagram of IC NE 555
Pin Diagram of IC 555
Pin configuration of Timer IC NE 555:
1. Ground: It is connected to ground terminal of the dc voltage source used to supply
power to the timer IC.
2. Trigger input: When voltage at this pin goes below (1/3)VCC, the lower comparator
output goes high which switches the timer output high and it turns off the
discharge transistor T1.
3. Output: This is the output of the timer and load is connected to this pin. The status
of this pin is decided by the two comparators.
4. Reset: For normal operation of the timer, this pin should be connected to + V CC. If
reset pin is connected to a low voltage then transistor T2 is turn on which in turn
switches on the discharge transistor T1 to bring voltage at pin no.7 to zero.
5. Control: The dc voltage at this pin is (2/3)VCC.
6. Threshold: As soon as voltage at this pin goes above (2/3)V CC, the output of upper
comparator become high and this will bring output voltage of timer to low level.
7. Discharge: This pin is the collector of the transistor T1.as soon as the output of
upper comparator goes high, this will turn on the transistor T1.
8. VCC: A positive regulated power supply is connected to this pin.
Resistive voltage divider:
The three resistances of value 5 KΩ each form the resistive voltage
divider. It generates two reference voltages, (1/3)VCC for lower comparator and
(2/3)VCC for upper comparator.
Multivibrators
Multivibrator is an electronic circuits which can have no, one or two stable stages of
operation.
Depending on the number of stable states we can classify the multivibrators as:

Multivibrators

Monostable Bistable
Astable
Multivibrators Multivibrators
Multivibrators
(MMV) (BMV)
(AMV)
IC 555 as an Astable Multivibrator (AMV)
Operation of the circuit:
When the voltage at trigger pin i.e pin no. 2 is less than (1/3) V CC, output is high and
capacitor starts charging through R1 and R2. After some time “Ton”, voltage on C reaches a
level of (2/3) VCC.
As soon as VC = (2/3) VCC, the upper comparator output will reset the flip flop and
output switches to low state. The internal transistor “T1” is turned on and the capacitor
discharges exponentially through R2 and T1.
After some time “Toff”, voltage on C reaches a level of (1/3) VCC, the output is switches
to a high state.
Applications of astable multivibrator:
1. Square wave oscillator
2. Ramp generator
3. Voltage controlled oscillator
4. In the flasher circuit