TOPIC 2 STRUCTURE

OF ATOM
C H E M I S T RY I
BT1014/AF1012
SITI BAINUN BINTI MOHD DALI

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LEARNING OUTCOME
At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to:
Describe briefly the characteristics of matter.
State the subatomic particles in atoms of various elements.
Determine the nucleon number, proton number and number of electron in and atom and
construct an atomic structure diagram and electron arrangement.
Describe briefly the definition of atom, molecules and ions.

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BASIC CONCEPTS
OF MATTER

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MATTER
Definition: matter is something that has mass and occupies
space.
Particle theory of matter: matter is made up of large number of
tiny and discrete particles.
Matter can exist in THREE (3) states:
i. Solid
ii. Liquid
iii. Gas

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 Solid Liquid Gas
Arrangement Particles are closely packed in Particles are closely packed but not Particles are far apart
an orderly manner in an orderly manner
Kinetic energy Kinetic energy of particles is Kinetic energy of particle is higher Kinetic energy of particles is very
low than solid state high
Attraction force Attraction force between Attraction force between particles Attraction force between particles
particles is strong is strong, but less than solid state is weak

Movement of Fixed position Move randomly and slowly. Move randomly in all directions at
particles Sometimes collide against each great speed
other

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MATTER

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Changes in the State of Heat energy is absorbed
or released

Matter

Changes occur in
• Kinetic energy
• Arrangement of particles
• Attraction force between
The change in the state of matter is particles
cause by heating or cooling

Causing state of matter

to change

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1) When temperature changes, matter can
undergo a phase change, shifting from one
form to another.

2) Phase changes typically occur when the

temperature or pressure of a system is
altered.

3) When temperature or pressure increases,

molecules interact more with each other.

4) When pressure increases or temperature

decreases, it's easier for atoms and molecules
to settle into a more rigid structure.

5) When pressure is released, it's easier for

particles to move away from each other.

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Melting (Solid → Liquid)

 This example shows an ice cube melting into water.

 Melting is the process by which a substance changes from the solid phase to the liquid phase

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Freezing (Liquid → Solid)

 This example shows the freezing of sweetened cream into ice cream.
 Freezing is the process through which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid.
 All liquids except helium undergo freezing when the temperature becomes sufficiently cold.

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Vaporization (Liquid → Gas)

 This image shows the vaporization of alcohol into its vapor.

 Vaporization, or evaporation, is the process by which molecules undergo a spontaneous transition from a
liquid phase to a gas phase.

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Condensation (Gas → Liquid)

 This photo displays the process of condensation of water vapor into dew drops.
 Condensation, the opposite of evaporation, is the change in the state of matter from the gas phase to the
liquid phase.

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Deposition (Gas → Solid)

 This image shows the deposition of silver vapor in a vacuum chamber onto a surface to make a solid layer
for a mirror.
 Deposition is the settling of particles or sediment onto a surface.
 The particles may originate from a vapor, solution, suspension, or mixture. Deposition also refers to the
phase change from gas to solid.

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Sublimation (Solid → Gas)
 This example shows the sublimation of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) into carbon dioxide gas.
Sublimation is the transition from a solid phase to a gas phase without passing through an
intermediate liquid phase.
 Another example is when ice directly transitions into water vapor on a cold, windy winter day.

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Classification of Matter
Matters can exist in the form of atoms, molecules or ions.
Atoms: the smallest, indivisible particle of an element
Molecules: particles that made up of two or more atoms
Ions: particles that carry charge:
◦ Positive ion – cation
◦ Negative ion - anion

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 ELEMENTS ATOMS MOLECULES COMPOUNDS MIXTURES
The basic ‘building The smallest possible The smallest possible unit Substances which consist A combination of at least
blocks” of all matter. unit of an element of a compound and of at least two or more two or more atoms or
consist of at least two or elements chemically molecules not chemically
(Kindly refer : Periodic more atoms chemically combined. combined.
table) combined.

Cannot be broken down Molecules may be Water

into simpler substances comprised of atoms from
by any physical and the same element or Sodium Chloride
chemical methods. atoms of different Carbon Dioxide
elements.

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Matter is also classified by its
uniformity.
If the answer is no
 The matter is a heterogeneous mixture.
 Considered the “least mixed.”
 Does not appear to be the same
throughout.
 Particles are large enough to be seen
and to be separated from the mixture.

Is it uniform throughout?
If the answer is yes.
 The matter is homogeneous (looks the
same throughout).
 If it can be physically separated it’s a
homogeneous mixture.
 If it can not be separated then it is a
pure substance –element or
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STRUCTURE OF
ATOMS

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ATOMS
• Smallest and indivisible particles of an
element
• Basic building blocks of matter
• DEFINITION: Atom is the smallest
particles of an element that retain the
chemical identity of the element, or the
basic unit of an element that can enter
into chemical combination.

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 Development of Model of Atom
1) John Dalton • All matter composed of extremely small particles called atom
• All atoms of given element are identical, having same size,
mass and chemical properties. Atoms of specific element are
different from those of any other element.
• Atoms cannot be created, divided into smaller particles or
destroyed.
• Different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to
form compounds
• In chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined and
rearranged.

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Development of Model of Atom
2. J. J. Thomson • An atom consists of small negatively charged
particles called electrons.
• The atom is a positively charged spherical cloud
with electrons positioned uniformly throughout
the atom.
3. Ernest Rutherford • Proton, which is a positively charged particle, is
discovered.
• Proton and most of the mass of the atom is
located at the nucleus, which is the centre of the
atom.
• The atom is mostly empty space.

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 Development of Model of Atom
4. Neils Bohr • Electrons move around the nucleus in their fixed
shells/orbit.
• The orbit are circles with a fixed radius from the
nucleus.
• Electrons at each orbit have their own fixed energy
level.
5. James Chadwick • Discovered the presence of the neutrons in the
nucleus through an experiment where the beryllium-
9 atom is bombarded with alpha particles.
• Proposed that half of the mass of an atom is
contributed by the neutron.

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 Modern Atomic Model
According to the modern atomic model,
The central nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.
It containing almost all the mass of the atom.
The nucleus of an atom is very small compared to the
size of the atom
The electrons are orbiting outside the nucleus in the
electron shells
The electrons are moving in electron shells at a very
high speed and we cannot determine the position of
the electrons at a particular time

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SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Atoms are made up of tiny particles called
subatomic particles.
Electron (e-); negative charges, moves
around the nucleus at high speed.
Proton (p+); positive charges.
Neutron (no); no charge.
Nucleus: consist of neutron and proton.
The mass of atom is concentrated at the
centre of the atom

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PROTON NUMBER AND NUCLEON
NUMBER
Proton number = number of proton
Nucleon number = number of proton + number of neutrons

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Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic number (Z): number of proton in nucleus of an atom
Mass number (A): total number of proton and neutrons in the nucleus
Atoms of different elements have different proton number
Atom is neutral when number of negatively charged electron is same with number of positively
charged proton

Mass number =
atomic number + neutrons number

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Proton number = Atomic number (Z) = number of
proton

Mass number (A) = nucleon number = number of

proton + number of neutrons

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 CHARGE OF PARTICLES
A neutral atom contains the same number of
electrons as the protons.
The positive and negative charges of the protons
and electrons respectively neutralize each other,
for example, (+4) + (-4) = 0
If the number of protons is greater than the
number of electron, the particle is positively
charge.
If the number of electron is greater than the
number of proton, the particle is negatively
charge.

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Exercise
1.An aluminum atom has 13 proton and 14
neutrons. What are the proton number and
nucleon number of an aluminum atom?
2.The nucleon number of a potassium atom is
39. A potassium has 19 protons. How many
neutrons and electrons are there in a
potassium atom?
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NOTATION OF AN ATOM
Atom can be represented using standard representation as shown below:

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EXAMPLE:

Mass Number, A
= #proton + #neutron

Symbols of element

Atomic Number, Z
= #proton

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Exercise
1.How many neutrons are in each atom?
a)36
17 Cl

b)58
Fe
26

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 ELECTRON
ARRANGEMENT IN
AN ATOM

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 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF
ATOMS
Electronic structure of an atom is the way in which electrons are arranges in an
atom.
Electrons in an atom are grouped around nucleus into shells according to energy
level
Different shells hold different maximum number of electrons.

SHELL MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRON

1 2
The THIRD SHELL can be filled
2 8 with maximum of 18 electrons
3 8 / 18 for elements with proton
number exceeding 20
4 32

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 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF
ATOMS
Electron in an atom occupy the lowest
available energy level first, which is the
shell nearest the nucleus.
When lowest energy level is full, the
electron begin to occupy the next energy
level.
The farther the shell is from nucleus, the
larger it is, the more electron it can hold,
the higher energy of those electrons.

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ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT

ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT
shows the nucleus and
electron arrangement of an
atom. For example, the
electron arrangement of
aluminium atom

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

ATOMIC STRUCTURE shows

the number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus and
electron arrangement of an
atom.

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 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF
ATOMS
Electronic structure of an atom is the way in which electrons are arranges in an
atom.
Electrons in an atom are grouped around nucleus into shells according to energy
level
Different shells hold different maximum number of electrons.

SHELL MAXIMUM NUMBER OF ELECTRON

1 2
2 8
3 18
4 32

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 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF
ATOMS
Electron in an atom occupy the lowest available energy level first, which is the
shell nearest the nucleus.
When lowest energy level is full, the electron begin to occupy the next energy
level.
The farther the shell is from nucleus, the larger it is, the more electron it can hold,
the higher energy of those electrons.

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Example
The proton number of aluminium is 13.
This shows that an aluminium atom has 13 electrons.
The electron arrangement of aluminium atom can be written as

2.8.3

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 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF
ATOMS
Within shells, electron further grouped into subshells according to the shape of the
region space they occupy.

There are four types of subshells ; s, p, d and f (in order of increasing energy)
First shell has only s subshell
Second shell has s and p subshells
Third shell has s, p, and d subshells.
Fourth shell has s, p, d, and f subshells.
Shell Number 1 2 3 4
Subshell designation s s, p s, p, d s, p, d, f
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ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF
ATOMS
With each subshell, electrons are grouped into orbitals.
Each orbital holds two electrons which differ in a property known as spin.

Shell Number 1 2 3 4
Subshell designation s s, p s, p, d s, p, d, f
Number of orbital 1 1, 3 1, 3, 5 1, 3, 5, 7
Number of electrons 2 2, 6 2, 6, 10 2, 6, 10, 14
Total electron capacity 2 8 18 32

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 ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
Electron configuration is the
exact arrangement of electrons
in an atom’s orbitals

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It can be predicted by applying three rules:
1.Aufbau Rule: Electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital available. 2
electrons per orbital.

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 ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS
2. Pauli Exclusion Principle:
electrons must have opposite
spins occupy the same orbital
3. Hund’s Rule: Two or more
orbitals with same energy are
each half-filled by one electron
before one orbital

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Example:

Carbon has 6 electron

n1 1s
__
n2 2s 2p
__ __ __ __
Therefore the electron configuration for carbon is:
1s2 2s2 2p2

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Example:
Calcium has 20 electron
n1 1s
__
n2 2s 2p
__ __ __ __
n3 3s 3p 3d
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
n4 4s
__
Electron configuration for calcium= 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

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EXERCISE:

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VALENCE ELECTRON
Valence electron are the electrons in
the outermost shell
The valence electrons have great
significance in determining the chemical
properties of an tom
Elements with the same number of
valence electron have the same
chemical properties

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ISOTOPES

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 ISOTOPES
Isotopes: atoms of same element that have different numbers of neutrons, but
same number of protons and electrons.

Different number of neutron between various isotopes means various isotopes

have different mass number

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COMMON A/Z FORMATS PROTON NEUTRON NUCLEON
NAME NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER (Mass
(Atomic Number, A)
Number,Z)
Hydrogen 1
1 0 1
1 H
Deuterium 2
1 1 2
1 H
Tritium 3
1 2 3
1 H

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RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS OF
ISOTOPES
Relative atomic mass of these elements depend on the natural
abundance of isotopes in a sample.
Natural abundance is the percentage of isotopes present in a natural
sample of element.
The relative atomic mass can be calculated from the natural abundance
of an element containing isotopes using the following formula:

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Example:

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MOLECULES
• N E U T RA L PA RT I C L E S MA D E O F T W O O R MO R E ATO MS B O N D E D
TO G ET H E R.
• MO L ECU LE I S S MA L L E S T PA RT I C L E O F E L E ME N T O R C O MP O U N D
W H I CH E X I S T S I N D E P E N D E N T LY A N D S H O W S A L L T H E
P RO P ERT I E S O F T H AT S U B S TA N C E .

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WHAT IS MOLECULE?
•Molecule is formed when two or more atoms of same or different
types of elements combines in a fixed ratio.
•It is responsible for all physical and chemical properties of that
particular substance.
•Atoms in a molecule are held together with two types of bonds; ionic
bond and covalent bond
•If the molecules are break, than properties of that substance are
lost.

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IONS
• A N I O N S I S D E F I N E D A S A N ATO M O R MO L E C U L E W H I C H H A S
G A I N E D O R L O S T O N E O R MO R E O F I T S VA L E N C E E L E C T R O N S ,
G I V I N G I T A N E T P O S I T I V E O R N E G AT I V E C H A R G E .
• N E G AT I V E LY C H A R G E D PA RT I C L E I S C A L L E D A N A N I O N , A N D
P O S I T I V E LY C H A R G E D PA RT I C L E S I S C A L L E D C AT I O N

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 BASIS CATION ANION
Formed when metal loses Formed when non-metal
DEFINITION one or more electrons and gains the electron and not
not lose any protons lose any proton

Positively charged ions Negatively charged ions

CHARGE TYPE

Metal Non-metal
TYPE OF ELEMENT

Calcium (Ca2+), Potassium Iodide (I-), Chloride (Cl-),

EXAMPLES (K+) Hydroxide (OH-)
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