Department of Civil Engineering

BUILDING MATERIALS,
PLANNING & DRWAING
(BPD)
22CE2204
Topic:

Introduction
Session - 1
Dr. J. D. Chaitanya Kumar
 Introduction to Course
• L-T-P-S Structure : 3-0-2-0
• Credits : 4
• Course Coordinator: Dr. J. D. Chaitanya Kumar

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 Syllabus

• Brick Masonry: Technical terms; Types of bonds in brickwork and their suitability.
Stone Masonry: Technical terms; Classification of stone masonry.

• Dampness and Damp Proofing: Introduction, Methods of preventing dampness;

Damp proofing materials and their classification; Methods of providing DPC under
different situations.

• Floors: Technical terms; Different types of floors – concrete, mosaic, terrazzo,

stone floors, ceramic tile floors, vinyl floors and wood floors. Roofs: Technical
terms; Classification of roofs; Steel sloping roofs; Privacy, legance and economy.

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Climatic considerations. Materials selection, Wall thickness and Scales

Building Byelaws & Regulations: Objectives of Building Byelaws, building

regulations; Calculation of Plinth Area (PA), floor area and carpet area; Floor Area
Ratio (FAR), Floor Space Index (FSI), Height of Buildings as per local codebook

Construction Equipment: Classification of construction equipment; Concreting plant

and equipment; Factors affecting the selection; Factors affecting the cost of owning and
operating the equipment.

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• Quality Control: Importance of quality; Elements of quality; Organization for
quality control; Quality assurance techniques; Quality control circles.

• Total quality management Construction Management: Introduction, Construction

projects, Objectives of Construction management; Steps involved in Project
management, Project failures.

• Project Planning: Steps involved in planning; Objectives of planning; Principles

of planning; Advantages and Limitations of planning,

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• Stages of planning. Scheduling: Scheduling, Methods of scheduling; Bar charts;
Milestone charts; Controlling; Job layout; Factors affecting job layout; Project
work break down; Activities involved.

• Project Management Through Networks: Objectives of network techniques;

Fundamentals of network analysis; Events; Activities; Dummies; Advantages of
network techniques over conventional techniques.

• Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT): Introduction; Time

estimates; Earliest expected time; Critical path; Probability of completion time for
a project.

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 Lab Component
• Develop building plan as per the byelaws provided by regulatory bodies.
o Draw the Sign Conventions for Engineering Materials, Water supply & Sanitary fixtures and
Electrical Installations using Auto cad.
o Draw the English bond & Flemish bond for one, one and half brick walls using Auto cad.
o Draw the Doors, Windows and Ventilators using Auto cad.
o Develop line diagrams of the Residential Building and School Building using Auto cad.
o Develop line diagrams of Commercial Building and Hospital Building using Auto cad.
o To prepare the drawings of Sloped roof building with Load Bearing walls using Auto cad
o To prepare the drawings of Flat Roof Building with Framed construction using Auto cad
o Develop Plan and Section for given type of staircase using Auto cad

o Plan a Single storied building as per the guidelines provided by building bye laws using
AUTOCAD software.
o Plan a Double storied building as per the guidelines provided by building bye laws using
AUTOCAD software.

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 Textbooks & Reference Books
• N. Kumara Swamy and A. Kameswara Rao, “Building Planning and Drawing”,
Charotar Publishing House PVT. LTD, Gujarat, 2014.
• Construction Project Management: Planning, Scheduling and Controlling by K. K.
Chitkara; Tata McGraw-Hill Education India
• Seetharaman.S, “Construction Engineering and Management”, Umesh
Publications, Nai Sarak, Delhi, 2008.
• Punmia B. C, ” Building construction”, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi 5th
Edition.
• Sengupta.B & Guha.H “Construction Management & Planning”, Tata McGraw –
Hill, Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

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MASONRY
 MASONRY
• Masonry is used to indicate the art of building a
structure in either stones or bricks.
• The masonry wall is built of individual blocks of
materials such as stones, bricks, concrete, hollow
blocks, cellular concrete usually in horizontal
courses cemented together with some form of
mortar.
• The binding strength of mortar is usually
disregarded as far as the strength of the wall is
concerned.
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 Masonry History

Rich History
– Through the mid-1800s
– Primary Building Materials

Late 1800s
– New Products Developed
– Ended Masonry’s Dominance

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• 20th Century Developments
 Steel Reinforced Masonry
 High Strength Mortars
 High Strength Masonry Units
 Variety of Sizes, Colors, Textures & Coatings

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 Masonry - Primary Uses Today

 Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)

1. Foundation Walls
2. Structural Support Walls (low rise)
3. Backup Walls for Exterior Facing

 Brick & Stone

Facing Materials
Decorative Walls
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The common materials of masonry construction
are
• Brick
• Stone
• Marble
• Granite
• Limestone
• Concrete Block
• Glass block

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 APPLICATIONS
 Masonry is commonly used for the walls of buildings, retaining
walls and monuments.
 Brick and concrete block are the most common types of masonry
in use in industrialized nations and may be either weight-bearing
 Concrete blocks, especially those with hollow cores, offer various
possibilities in masonry construction.
 They generally provide great compressive strength and are best
suited to structures with light transverse loading when the cores
remain unfilled.
 Filling some or all of the cores with concrete or concrete with
steel reinforcement (typically rebar) offers much greater tensile
and lateral strength to structures
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CLASSIFICATION OF MASONRY

Masonry can be classified into the following

categories:
• Stone masonry
• Brick masonry
• Hollow block concrete masonry
• Reinforced masonry
• Composite masonry

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 MORTAR
 Mortar is a pasty material formed by the addition of water
to a mixture composed of an aggregate (sand) and a binding
material (cement or lime) which may be handled with a
trowel.
 The mortar units the individual bricks together. Generally,
following types of mortar are in use, Mud mortar, Cement
mortar, Lime mortar, Cement lime mortar
 Mud mortar is used for the temporary construction.
 Cement mortar is used for permanent structures.
 In order to select a suitable type of mortar for a given
construction, we must know the type of desired finish, the
magnitude and nature of super-imposed load, the effect of
weathering agencies and the importance of structure.

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Stone Masonry
 Stone Masonry

• The construction of stones bonded together with

mortar is termed as stone masonry where the
stones are available in a abundance in nature, on
cutting and dressing to the proper shape, they
provide an economical material for the
construction of various building components such
as walls, columns, footings, arches, lintels, beams
etc.
 Stone and its major types based on
formation
• Building stone is a natural engineering material.
• Stone is obtained from rock by applying certain
disintegration techniques like manual quarrying and
blasting etc.
• Stones obtained from rocks are irregular in shape and
size and thus need proper dressing before using for
construction purpose.
• Based on formation of the parent rock it has three types
– The igneous rocks
– The sedimentary rocks and
– The metamorphic rocks
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 …….continued
• Igneous rock
– formed by the solidification of molten rock such as volcanic
activity
For example: Granite
• Sedimentary
– formed from silt, marine life, and rocks that have been deposited
by running water
For example: Limestone, Sandstone
• Metamorphic
– igneous or sedimentary rock that have been changed by
pressure, heat, or moisture
For example: Marble, Slate
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 The stone masonry and its uses
• Stone blocks laid with cement or lime mortar in a systematic
manner forming a structural mass which can resist load
without disintegration is called stone masonry.
• Stone masonry is used for the construction of walls,
foundation, columns, lintels, arches and other components of
structures.
• If abundantly available it can serve as an economical building
material keeping in view the dressing cost and time of
construction.
• Undressed or rounded shape stone masonry with insufficient
mortar is disastrous in earthquake hazard areas like Balakot,
Abbottabad etc.
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 Uses
1) Building foundations, walls, piers, pillars, and

architectural works.

2) Lintels, Beams, Arches, domes etc.,

3) Roofs and Roof coverings.

4) Dams, light houses, monumental structures.

5) Paving jobs

6) Railway, ballast, black boards

Selection of stone for stone masonry:

1) Availability
2) Ease of working
3) Appearance
4) Strength and stability
5) Polishing characteristics
6) Economy
7) Durability
 Stone masonry,
‘‘Pictures from the history’’

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Roman aqueduct, Pont Du Gard, 26
France (50 AD).
Stone masonry at Palace of Knossos, Crete 1350 BC 27
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As earlier as 700 BC.

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Rohtas Fort ,Pakistan(1451AD)
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Taj Mahal ,India (1632-1653AD) 31
Lahore fort, Pakistan (1556-
1603AD) 32
Badshahi Mosque Lahore, Pakistan
(1671AD) 33
– Parapet
A low wall constructed around the terrace of a building
having flat roof is called parapet wall.
• Coping
A special course provided at the top of wall preventing
penetration of rainwater from entering the wall.
• Quoins
Stones larger than those of which the wall is
composed, or better shaped, and forming the
corners of walls or door and window openings

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 Classification of stone masonry
• Masonry can be classified according to the thickness of joints,
continuity of courses and finish of face.
• Broadly there are two types of stone masonry, namely:
1. Rubble Masonry
2. Ashlar Masonry
• 1)Rubble masonry: This consists of blocks of stones either
undressed or roughly dressed and laid in suitable mortar,
having wider joints which are not of uniform thickness.
a. Square rubble masonry
b. Random rubble masonry
c. Miscellaneous types
d. Dry Rubble masonry.
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 Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed random rubble masonry:
• Roughest and cheapest form of stone walling.
• Stones used are of widely different sizes.
• The weak corners and edges are removed with
mason’s hammer.
• Generally, bigger stone blocks are employed at
quoins to increase the strength of masonry.
Suitability: Used for construction of walls of low
height in case of ordinary buildings.
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 Random Rubble Masonry
Built to Courses random rubble masonry:
Construction method is same as uncoursed work but
work is roughly leveled up to form courses varying
from 30 to 45cm.
All the courses are of not same height.
Quoins are built first and line is stretched between
tops of quions.
Suitability: Used for construction of residential
buildings, go downs, boundary walls etc.
 SQUARE Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed squared rubble:
In this type the stone blocks are
made roughly square with
hammer. Generally the facing
stones are given hammer-
dressed finish. Large stones
are used as quoins. As far as
possible the use of chips in
bedding is avoided.
Suitability: Used for
construction of ordinary
buildings in hilly areas where
a good variety of stones are
cheaply available.
 SQUARE Rubble Masonry

Built to course:
This is same as uncoursed square masonry.
Work is levelled upto courses of varying depth.
The courses of different height.
Suitability: Used for construction of public
buildings, hospitals, schools, markets, modern
residential buildings etc and in hilly areas
where good quality of stone is easily available.

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Built to Course Square Masonry

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42
Regular course: In this type of stone masonry the uniform height
stones are used in horizontal layers not less than 13cm in
height. Generally, the stone beds are hammered or chisel
dressed to a depth of at least 10cm from the face. The stones
are arranged in such a manner so that the vertical joints of two
consecutive course do not coincide with each other as shown in
figure below.
Polygonal rubble masonry: In this type of masonry the stones
are roughly dressed to an irregular polygonal shape. The
stones should be so arranged as to avoid long vertical
joints in face work and to break joints as much as possible.
Small stone chips should not be used to support the
stones on the facing as shown in the figure below.
Quoins
 Flint rubble masonry
Flint rubble masonry: This type of masonry is used in the
areas where the flint is available in plenty.

The flint stones varying in thickness from 8 to 15cm and in

length from 15 to 30cm are arranged in the facing in the
form of coursed or uncoursed masonry as shown below.
 Dry rubble masonry

• This type of masonry is used in the construction

of retaining walls pitching earthen dams and canal
slopes in the form of random rubble masonry
without any mortar.
• The hallow spaces left around and stones should
be tightly packed with smaller stone pieces.
• It is an ordinary masonry and is recommended for
constructing walls of height not more than 6m.
• In case the height is more, three adjacent courses
are laid in squared rubble masonry mortar at 3m
intervals.
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 2). Ashlar masonry:
• Stone masonry having finely dressed stones laid in cement
or lime mortar is known as ashlar masonry.
• In this masonry all courses are of uniform height.
• All the joints are regular, thin and of uniform thickness.
• This type of stone masonry is costlier in construction since it
involves greater dressing cost.
• Superior to all types of rubble masonry in terms of strength
and other qualities.
• Suitability.
This type of masonry is used for heavy structures, architectural look,
piers and abutments of bridges.

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 Types of Ashlar Masonry
1. Ashlar fine or coursed ashlar masonry
2. Random coursed ashlar masonry
3. Rough tooled ashlar masonry
4. Rock or quarry faced ashlar masonry
5. Chamfered ashlar masonry
6. Block in course ashlar masonry
7. Ashlar facing masonry.

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 ……..continued
1. Ashlar fine or coursed ashlar masonry.
– In this type of masonry stone blocks of same height are used.
– Every stone is tooled on all sides and thickness of mortar is
uniform.
– A satisfactory bond can be attained due to uniform sizes of
stones.
2. Random coursed ashlar masonry.
– This type of ashlar masonry consists of fine or coarse ashlar but
the courses are of varying thickness.
3. Rough tooled ashlar masonry.
– sides of stones are rough tooled and dressed with chisels.
thickness of joint is uniform and not exceeding 6mm.
4. Rock or quarry faced ashlar masonry.
– Similar to rough tooled type except that there is a chisel margin
left rough on the face which is known as quarry faced. 50
 ……..continued
5. Chamfered ashlar masonry.
– It is similar to quarry faced ashlar masonry except that the edges are
beveled or chamfered to 450 for depth of 25mm or more.
6. Block in course masonry.
– it is the name given to a class of ashlar masonry which occupies an
intermediate place between rubble and ashlar masonry.
– the stones are all squared and properly dressed.
– It resembles coursed rubble masonry or rough tooled ashlar masonry.
7. Ashlar facing masonry.
– Ashlar is the superior but expensive type of stone masonry thus in
order to reduce the cost a wall is commonly constructed with a facing
of ashlar and backing of rubble or brick masonry,
– Such walls are also called compound or composite masonry walls.
– If the backing is of rubble masonry it is called rubble ashlar, if the
backing is of brick masonry then it is termed as brick ashlar.

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52
53
 2. Random
1. Ashlar fine coursed
or coursed ashlar masonry.
ashlar
masonry.

3. Rough tooled 4. Rock or

ashlar quarry faced
masonry. ashlar masonry.
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5. Chamfered 6. Block in
ashlar course
masonry. masonry.

7. Ashlar facing
masonry.
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 Choice of wall type
• The choice of walling type is influenced by:
 The design of the building,
 Technical considerations (whether the wall is load
bearing or non-load bearing),
 Its location,
 Site exposure, and
 Aesthetic considerations.

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