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Lect 6 CT Scanner Continues

The document summarizes the evolution of CT scanner technology through five generations. It describes the major components and scanning methods of 1st generation parallel beam, 2nd generation fan beam with multiple detectors, 3rd generation fan beam with rotating detectors, 4th generation fan beam with fixed detectors, and 5th generation electron beam scanning. Each new generation aimed to improve scan speed and image quality by addressing limitations such as long scan times and effects of patient movement.

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fatima ghani
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18 views

Lect 6 CT Scanner Continues

The document summarizes the evolution of CT scanner technology through five generations. It describes the major components and scanning methods of 1st generation parallel beam, 2nd generation fan beam with multiple detectors, 3rd generation fan beam with rotating detectors, 4th generation fan beam with fixed detectors, and 5th generation electron beam scanning. Each new generation aimed to improve scan speed and image quality by addressing limitations such as long scan times and effects of patient movement.

Uploaded by

fatima ghani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

CT Scanner Continues……

Adnan Rauf.
Assistant Professor,
Biomedical Engineering Center,
&
Electrical Engineering Department, UET,
KSK Campus.

1
System Components
 All computer tomography systems consist of the
following four major sub-systems.

 “Scanning System”—This takes suitable


readings for a picture to be reconstructed includes
X-ray source and detectors.

 “Processing Unit”—This converts these


readings into intelligible picture information.
2
System Components
 “Viewing Part”—It presents this
information in visual form and includes other
manipulative aids to assist diagnosis.

 “Storage Unit”—This enables the


information to be stored for subsequent
analysis.

3
Scanning System
 The purpose of the scanning system is to
acquire enough information to reconstruct a
picture for an accurate diagnosis.

A sufficient number of independent readings


must be taken to allow picture reconstruction
with the required spatial resolution and
density discrimination for diagnostic purpose.
4
Scanning System
 Thereadings are taken in the form of a
“Profiles”.

 When a plane parallel X-ray beam is


passing through a required section, a profile
is defined as the intensity of the emergent
beam plotted along a line perpendicular to
the X-ray beams.
5
Scanning System
 In practice, 180 such profiles at 1º intervals
are normally needed to construct a
diagnostically useful picture.

6
First Generation—Parallel Beam
Geometry (Link 1)

7
8
First Generation—Parallel Beam
Geometry (Link 1)
 Since this was a slow process, so patient
movements were a great hindrance in a
good image quality.
 With the help of sedation, head movements
could be eliminated but, it was obviously not
possible to eliminate respiratory movements.
 Therefore, chances of blurring of the
reconstructed images were always there.
9
First Generation—Parallel Beam
Geometry (Link 1)
 The inherent mechanical constraints of a
traverse/index system means that each
traverse must take at least 1sec.

 So,it was unlikely that the machines based


on this principle could ever be made so fast
as to scan in less than 180 sec.

10
Second Generation—Fan Beam,
Multiple Detectors (Link 2)
 An improved version of the traverse-index
arrangement consists in using a bank of
detectors and a fan beam of X-rays.

 By using a 10º fan beam, it is possible to


take 10 profiles, at 1º intervals, with each
traverse and then index through 10º before
taking the next set of profiles.
11
12
Second Generation—Fan Beam,
Multiple Detectors (Link 2)
 Therefore,
a full set of 180 profiles can be
obtained with 18 traverses.

 This method has permitted a reduction in


the scan time, and at the rate of
approximately 1 sec for each traverse, it has
let to the systems operating in the 18-20 sec
range.
13
Third Generation—Fan Beam,
Rotating Detectors (Link 3)
 The main problem in further increasing the
speed of the procedure lies with the
mechanically unfavorable multiple
alterations between the translational and
rotational movement of the measuring
system.

14
Third Generation—Fan Beam,
Rotating Detectors (Link 3)
 Thiscan be avoided by using a sufficiently
wide fan-shaped X-ray beam which
encompasses the whole object cross-
section, and a multiple detector system
mechanically tied to the tube, which permits
a simultaneous measurement of the whole
absorption profile in one projection direction.

15
16
Third Generation—Fan Beam,
Rotating Detectors (Link 3)
 Purerotational machines have been
developed on the basis of this principle.

 Thesimplest of these has the X-ray source


and detectors mounted on a common frame
and rotate around the patient, usually
through 360º.

17
Third Generation—Fan Beam,
Rotating Detectors (Link 3)
 Thesystem gives a wide fan beam, typically
between 30º and 50º.

 The frame can be made to travel quite fast,


so that a complete rotation takes only a few
seconds.

18
Problem in 3 Generation
rd

Scanners
 This configuration has two major
disadvantages.

 Firstly,
it has a fixed geometry. With a fan
beam set for the largest patient, the
arrangement proves to be inefficient for
smaller objects, particularly heads.

19
Problem in 3 Generation
rd

Scanners
 Secondly,calibration of the detectors during
scanning is not possible since the patient is
always within the beam.

 Therefore, any drifts or faults in the


detection system tend to produce a
significant degradation in the picture quality.

20
Fourth Generation—Fan Beam,
Fixed Detectors (Link 5)
 In order to overcome the difficulties
encountered in the rotating detectors
configuration, rotational machines have
been designed in which only the X-ray
source rotates within a full circle of
stationary detectors arranged around the
patient.

21
Fourth Generation—Fan Beam,
Fixed Detectors (Link 5)
 The system has around 2000 detectors to
maintain a good resolution.
 The individual detectors are lined up
practically without gaps, so that the radiation
which has penetrated the patient is optimally
used.

22
Fourth Generation—Fan Beam,
Fixed Detectors (Link 5)
 Thesystem permits calibration during
scanning, which eliminates the problem of
detector drift.

 However the cost of such machines would


obviously be high.

23
24
5 Generation—Scanning
th

Electron Beam (Link 6)


 The 0.7 to 1 second time resolution limit of
mechanical CT scanners makes phase-
resolution imaging of the beating heart quite
difficult.
 Such type of imaging can only be made with a
data acquisition system which does not contain
any moving mechanical parts .
 One such system is the “Electron Beam
Tomography” (EBT) scanner.
25
5 Generation—Scanning
th

Electron Beam (Link 6)


 BasicallyEBT scanner differs from
conventional CT in terms of speed and the
method of generating the X-ray.
 In conventional CT scanning, an X-ray tube
and an X-ray detector are mounted across
each other on a circular frame and rotate
around the patient.

26
5 Generation—Scanning
th

Electron Beam (Link 6)


 In EBT, the electron beam sweeps back and
forth through a magnetic field.

 The impact of the electron beam on a semi-


circular tungsten array underneath the
patient generates the X-rays and the X-ray
detectors are mounted on a semi-circular
array above the patient.
27
28
5th Generation—Scanning
Electron Beam (Link 6)
 Because an X-ray tube and X-ray detectors are
heavy moving parts, weighing as much as 250 Kg, it
takes one second or more to take all the snapshots
which are later reconstructed to form an image of
one slice of the body with a conventional CT
scanner.
 Since an electron beam can be moved back and
forth through a magnetic field very quickly, the time
for scanning a slice can be of the order of 50 ms
with Electron Beam Tomography.

29
Useful Links
 Link 1:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNaCxhh
hZTE
 Link 2:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CWpZKu
y-NE
 Link 3:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=bdf0kXn5Eeg 30
Useful Links
 Link 4: (How CT scan works)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XL2x5Bbd
RSo
 Link 5: (4th Generation CT Scanners)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWVz3yk
e_bY
 Link 6: (5th Generation CT Scanners)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=wvw2TZBagDc 31
Thank You

32

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