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Abdissa PPT Seminar

This document reviews the epidemiological distribution of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in Ethiopia. It discusses the nature of BVD, including that it is caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus, a pestivirus that causes immunosuppression and reproductive issues. It also reviews the transmission, diagnosis, and current status of BVD in Ethiopia. Seroprevalence studies in Ethiopia have found rates ranging from 9.59% to 51.7% in different areas. The author recommends adopting prevention and control approaches based on ongoing monitoring, identifying and removing persistently infected animals, improving biosecurity, and increasing vaccination.

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abdilama13
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35 views22 pages

Abdissa PPT Seminar

This document reviews the epidemiological distribution of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) in Ethiopia. It discusses the nature of BVD, including that it is caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus, a pestivirus that causes immunosuppression and reproductive issues. It also reviews the transmission, diagnosis, and current status of BVD in Ethiopia. Seroprevalence studies in Ethiopia have found rates ranging from 9.59% to 51.7% in different areas. The author recommends adopting prevention and control approaches based on ongoing monitoring, identifying and removing persistently infected animals, improving biosecurity, and increasing vaccination.

Uploaded by

abdilama13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

REVIEW ON EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION

OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA (BVD) IN


ETHIOPIA

A Paper Presented For The Course:Seminar On


Current Topics In Veterinary Epidemiology (MVEP
752)
Haramaya University College of Veterinary Medicine
Masters Program in Veterinary Epidemiology
By Abdissa Lemma (DVM)
Major Advisor:Pawlos Wasihun (DVM, Msc, Assist.
Prof.)

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 1


OUTLINES
Introduction

Literature review

 Nature of disease, biology and structure, host range,


transmission, diagnostic approachs, status in Ethiopia
and prevention and control

 Conclusion and recommendation

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 2


REVIEW ON EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
DISTRIBUTION OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA
(BVD) IN ETHIOPIA
Objectives:
Review on BVD transmission, epidemiology,
prevention and control
To review the current status of the disease in
Ethiopia.

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 3


Introduction
Bovine viral diarrhea virus is a highly contagious
infectious agent and causing significant economic
losses due to
 decreased performance,
 loss of milk production,
 reproductive disturbances and
 increased risk of morbidity and mortality

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 4


Introduction con’d....
The causative agent, BVD virus (BVDV) is a member
of the pestivirus genus within the family Flaviviridae

It causes diarrhea, anorexia, pyrexia, oral erosion,


abortion, congenital defects, poor growth, depression,
fever, immunoseppresion and death

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 5


The Nature of the Disease
 Bovine viral diarrhea is a viral disease of cattle and other
ruminants that is caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus
(BVDV).
 BVDV infection is globally distributed being endemic in many
countries and infections can manifest as generalized
 Immunesuppression (leading to co-infections),
 fertility difficulties both in male and female cattle,

and other variable signs such as


 fever, diarrhea and respiratory dysfunction.

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 6


Biology and Structure of the virus
BVDV is a member of the genus pestivirus belonging to
the family Flaviviridae and RNA virus
Pestiviruses are relatively
 small (40-60nm),

 Frgile not survive for long periods outside the


animals
 Damp, cold and dark conditions favor virus survival

 spherical

 an envelope

 positive-sense single stranded (ss+) of


approximately 12.5kb in size

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 7


Biology con’d...

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 8


Biology con’d...
There are four recognized species within the pestivirus
genus:
1. BVDV-1

2. BVDV-2

3. Border disease virus of sheep and

4. Classical swine fever virus( hog cholera virus)

There are two different genotypes:


5. BVDV-1 and

6. BVDV-2 with several sub-genotypes.

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 9


Biology con’d...
 There are also two biotypes of BVDV, designated as

1. cytopathogenic (CP) and

2. non-cytopathogenic (NCP) strains.

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 10


Host range
Cattle are the natural host of the type species of
pestiviruses, but infection by BVDV has been
demonstrated in numerous other species
Virus distribution among tissues in persistently
infected sheep, WTD, and mountain goats is similar to
that seen in cattle
species that are in natural contact with cattle poses a
risk for reinfection of pestivirus-susceptible cattle
populations

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 11


Transmission
Transmission of BVDV occurs both
 horizontally and
 vertically with both persistently and transiently infected
animals excreting infectious virus
Virus is transmitted via
 direct contact,
 bodily secretions and
 contaminated fomites, the virus being able to persist in the
environment for more than 2 weeks.
PI animals are the most important source of the virus,
continuously excreting a viral load one thousand times
that shed by acutely infected animals
11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 12
Transmission con’d...
PI animals shed virus by secretions and excretions,
including
 dung,

 urine,

 milk and colostrum,

 saliva and discharges from the


 eyes,

 nose and

 reproductive tract.

All such items should be thoroughly cleansed and


disinfected to minimize the risk of transmission in this
way
11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 13
Host -pathogen interaction
MD occurs only in PI animals
MD results when PI animal is super infected with a
CP strain arising from mutation of the NCP strain
already circulating
The Intrautrine infection dependes on the stage of
gestation at which the dam suffers acute infection
Prior to conception and first 18 days= delayed
conception and increased calving to conception
interval
Day 29-41 = embryonic death
Day 30-120= immunotolerant PI calves
Day 80-150= teratogenic
11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 14
Diagnosis
There two diagnostic appraoches
1. Virus or antigen detection (direct test)
 Ag ELISA

 RT-PCR

 IHC

2. Antibody detection (indirect test)


 Ab ELISA

 SNT

 AGID

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 15


Status of BVDV in Ethiopia
The first serological evidence of BVD in Ethiopia
was reported 9.59% of prevalence by Nigussie et al.
(2010) and
level of seroprevalence (51.7%) was the highest result
yet reported in Ethiopian cattle in Jimma town
Tadele et al.(2019)

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 16


Status of BVDV in Ethiopia con’d...
s.n Animal Individu Place
al prevalence Source

1 51.7% Jimma town Tadele et al.(2019)

2 9.59% Jimma zone Nigussie et al.(2010)

3 11.7% Central and sout Asmare et al.(2013)


hern ethiopia

4 32.9% In ethiopia Asmare et al.(2018)

5 32.6% In ethiopia Aragaw et al.(2018)

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 17


Control and Prevention
The identification and removal of persistently infected
animals. Re-infection is then prevented
Develop prevention/control
 Biosecurity
 Reduced risk of BVD

 Identify and eliminate PI’s

Eliminate major sources of transmission


 Improve herds immunity

immunization
 Modern vaccination provide a high level of protection
from clinical disease for the dam, and prevent the
production of PIs
11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 18
Conclusion and Recommendation
An understanding of the available diagnostic tests and
their respective strengths and weaknesses both time-
and cost-efficiently.
This may involve a combination of protective
measures to increase biosecurity, including diagnostic
testing of introduced stock and vaccination.
So, based on the above conclusions the following
recommendations are forwarded:

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 19


Conclusion and Recommendation con’d...
appropriate prevention and control approaches should
be adopted based on the results of regular monitoring
and evaluation of different studies
dairy farm owners have to isolate new animals before
introducing to their herds and remove repeat breeder and
old animals from herds in order to minimize the risk of
viral spread in their herds
PI animals must be identified to control the transmission
as it is the main source of infection.
Vaccine must be used by inroducing appropriate vaccine
type in Ethiopia.
11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 20
Conclusion and Recommendation con’d...
Due attention must be given to the BVD as its
economically significant and production losses

Farmers and owner of dairy farms need to be awered


of the severity of the disease

studies need to be done to evaluate and determine the


overall prevalence status, local risk factors and
economic significance of BVDV in Ethiopia.
11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 21
Thank you!!

11/28/2023 By Abdissa Lemma 22

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