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Lect 2

1) The document provides notes on brushless DC and permanent magnet machines, including their operation principles, key equations, and diagrams. 2) It discusses Faraday's law of induction and how it applies to machines with a moving conductor in a magnetic field. 3) The notes cover topics like commutator machine operation, permanent magnet materials, motor constants, voltage analysis, and calculations needed to model synchronous machines.

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dopoven997
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9 views

Lect 2

1) The document provides notes on brushless DC and permanent magnet machines, including their operation principles, key equations, and diagrams. 2) It discusses Faraday's law of induction and how it applies to machines with a moving conductor in a magnetic field. 3) The notes cover topics like commutator machine operation, permanent magnet materials, motor constants, voltage analysis, and calculations needed to model synchronous machines.

Uploaded by

dopoven997
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6.

11s Notes for Lecture 2


DC and PM ‘Brushless’ Machines
June 12, 2006
J.L. Kirtley Jr.

6.11s June 2006 L2 1


Faraday’s Law:
r r r r
E′= E + v × B
So if a conductor is moving through a magnetic field:

€
€

E = −v × B
r r r Here is a cartoon of a DC
commutator machine

6.11s June 2006 L2 2


Key to operation is the
Commutator
Normal Operation
Poles
Current paths
Brushes

Commutation
Brushes short current
paths

6.11s June 2006 L2 3


Operation of the PM machine:

Ca
Te = Rl Br Ia = GI f Ia
m
N I
Br = μ 0 f f
g
Ca N f
G = μ0 Rl
m g
C C
E a = a l vθ Br = a l RΩBr = GI f Ω
m m

Here is a simple model:

€ Winding resistance
added

6.11s June 2006 L2 4


Operation of the PM
machine:
Here we have two separate
voltage controls. This is
separately excited operation
and is very flexible.
Some machines are wound
so that the field and
armature can be connected
in series

6.11s June 2006 L2 5


Commutator Machine Operation

Constant Voltage Operation 1.4

V = RIa + GI f Ω 1.2

Pe = RIa2 + GI f Ia Ω 1

Plugging Motoring Operation Generating

Pm = GI f Ia Ω 0.8

Electrical Power In

V − GI f Ω
Ia = 0.6

Ra
0.4

V − GI f Ω Mechanical Power Out


Pe = V
Ra 0.2

V − GI f Ω
Relative Speed

Pm = GI f Ω
0
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

Ra
-0.2

-0.4

6.11s June 2006 L2 6


€
If we add inductance to the model we can
build up a simulation model:
dIa
Va = Ra Ia + La + GΩI f
dt
dI f
Vf = Rf I f + Lf
dt
dΩ
GI f Ia = J + Tm
dt
dIa 1
= (Va − Ra Ia − GΩI f ) You will have a
dt La chance to run some of
dI f these in the lab
1
= (V f − R f I f )
dt L f
dΩ 1
= (GI f Ia − Tm )
dt J

6.11s June 2006 L2 7


Permanent Magnets

B-H Characteristic of
modern ceramic
material.
Remanent Flux Density
Coercive Field

NdFeB magnets have


numbers substantially
larger: Remanent Flux
Density can be as large
as 1.4T

6.11s June 2006 L2 8


If the demag curve has
We usually need only the second constant slope, max
quadrant of the magnetization energy product is:
curve
1 Br2
Energy Product isB(Gauss) X E p(max) =
H(Oe) and is expressed in MGOe 4 μr

6.11s June 2006 L2 9


H m hm = H g g
Bm Am + Bg Ag = 0
hm Ag
Bm = −μ 0
g Am

Analysis of permanent
magnet operation uses
a load line, called Unit €
Permeance

6.11s June 2006 L2 10


PM Commutator Machine: Typical Configuration

6.11s June 2006 L2 11


Expressions appropriate for surface magnet
commutator machines stolen from James Ireland’s
book:
Br
Bg =
1
1+
℘u
f l hm Ag
℘u = f l ≅1.1, f f ≅1.2
f f g Am
g
Ag R+
= 2
Am R + g + hm
2
A ⎛ h ⎞
l + 2R log⎜1+ B m ⎟
B ⎝ R⎠ hm
l eff = A = 0.9,B = 7.4 − 9
fl R

6.11s June 2006 L2 12


€
Voltage induced has this
form. The angle is the lesser
of armature coil throw or
magnet angular width

Number of effective Ca Ctot θ ∗


conductors in series is =
related to that minumum m m π
angle
Rl eff Ctot Bg θ ∗
K=
Then the motor constant m π
can be easily calculated. T = KIa E a = KΩ
This motor is like one
with constant field
current
6.11s June 2006 L2 13
€
Surface Mount Magnet Synchronous Machine

6.11s June 2006 L2 14


Voltage Analysis of the PM Synchronous Machine

Here is what magnetic flux


density looks like, vs. electrical
angle

4 pθ m
B1 = Bg sin
π 2
Bg = kg Br
2Rl N a k w
λa =
p
Va = ωλ a = pΩλ a
3 3
P + jQ = Va Ia = pλ a Ia
2 2
6.11s June 2006 L2 15
Magnetic field can be found through a little field
analysis
The result below
is good for
magnets inside
and p not equal to
one. See the
notes for other
expressions

Rip−1 ⎛ p p +1 p +1 2p p 1− p 1− p
⎞
kg = 2 p 2p ⎜ ( R2 − R1 ) + Rs ( R2 − R1 )⎟
Rs − Ri ⎝ p + 1 p −1 ⎠

6.11s June 2006 L2 16


€
Phasing: With respect to internal voltage

3
Pm = E a Ia sinδ i
2
3
Te = pλ a Ia sinδ i
2

And with respect to terminal


voltage:
€ 3
Pm = Va Ia cosψ
2
3
Te = pλ a Ia cosψ
2
3 Va E a
Pm = sinδ
2 Xs

6.11s June 2006 L2 17


Calculations Needed

E a2 = Va2 + X d2 Ia2 + 2E a X d Ia sinψ Terminal voltage


related to
2 internal voltage
Va ⎛ X d Ia ⎞ X d Ia
= 1− ⎜ cosψ ⎟ − sinψ
Ea ⎝ Ea ⎠ Ea
3 4 μ 0 Rl kw2
Ld = Synchronous
2π p Inductance

Ll = 2 pl ℘ sN c2 ( 4m − N sp )
Slot Leakage
⎛1 hd hs ⎞
℘ s = μ 0⎜ + ⎟
⎝3 wd ws ⎠

6.11s June 2006 L2 18

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