Computer And Its

Development History
1.1 Introduction
• A computer is an electronic programmable machine that accepts data
and information. Instructions, process than and produces useful
result.
• A computer system is a combination of hardware and software.

HARDWARE SOFTWARE COMPUTER

SYSTEM
MAJOR PARTS OF COMPUTER
 1.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE
• The set of steps performed by a computer to get information from
raw data is known as the working principle of a computer.
• A computer system works on 3 basic steps : INPUT, PROCESSING and
OUTPUT.
Input Processing Output Storage
The data and instructions fed The treating data according The result or the final output Stores the data,
to the computer to instruction produced by a computer information and programs
temporary or permanent
• Mouse • Microprocessor • Printer • RAM
• Keyboard • Speaker • Memory Card
• scanner • Monitor • ROM
1.2 HISTORY OF COMPUTER
• A computer word is derived from ‘COMPUTARE’ inrd of Latin language
means calculate.
• The early day computer were not like the modern computers.
• They were designed especially for performing mathematical
calculations.
• Modern computers are fast, accurate, automatic, diligence and have
high storage capacity
1.2.1 ABACUS
• The ABACUS is the first calculating device based on the decimal
number system.
• It is presumed that the earliest ABACUS was invented about 3000
years ago in China.
• It consists of a wooden frame divided into two parts called ‘HEAVEN’
and ‘EARTH’ with the mid bar.
• It has vertical rods with freely movable beads each rod contains two
movable beads in the heaven and five movable beads in the earth.
• ABACUS is the first calculating device used for addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division.
1.2.2 NAPIER’S BONES
• In 1614, Scottish mathematician, John Napier invented the tabular
arrangement of numbers in a such a way that could be used to do
multiplication and division knows as the table of logarithms.
• On the base of logarithms theory, in 1617 AD, John Napier invented a
calculating device called Napier’s Bones which could perform
multiplication and division.
• Napier’s Bones consists of 11 sets of rods made up of strips of bones
on which numbers were carved.
• In the Napier’s Bones, the calculation is done in terms of addition and
subtraction.
1.2.3 SLIDE RULE
• On the base of Napier’s Logarithms theory, an English mathematician,
William Ought invented the slide rule in 1620 A.D.
• The first analog device
• It consists of two scales rulers and a cursor.
• It is used to find multiplications, division or any other functions

1620 A.D SLIDE RULE

1.2.4 PASCALINE
1642 AD

French mathematician, Blasé Pascale

PASCALINE

Could perform addition and subtraction of numbers up to eight digits

It consisted of a series of toothed metal wheels and each wheel contained the dial
having numbers form 0 to 9
A complete rotate of the rotation of the first wheel rotates the second wheel to
the text number and so on.
Still used in odometers in vehicles, pumps of petrol stations, electricity meters,old
rotary telephone
1.2.5 STEPPED RECKONER
RECKONER 1673 AD. - 1694AD.
STEPPED

German mathematician, Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz

Modified version of Pascaline

It could do addition, subtraction, multiplication and

division
1.2.6 JACQUARD’S LOOM
1801 AD
JACQUARD’S

French textile weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard

LOOM

The development of punched cards

The first automatic loom having punched cards that could design
the different patterns on woven fabric
Joseph Marie Jacquard is known as father of punch card.
1.2.7 DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
1822 AD, a British mathematician, Charles Babbage designed ‘Difference Engine’
DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND
ANALYTICAL ENGINE

Fully automatic and powered by steam

Designed to calculate various mathematic function and logarithmic tables

In 1833 AD, Charles Babbage designed programmable steam machine called ‘Analytical Engine’

In analytical engine a series of Punched cards were used as the input devices and storage unit and
printer as the output devices

Charles Babbage is considered as the father of computer

1.2.8 LADY AUGUASTA ADA
LOVELANCE
ADA LOVELANCE The mathematician who suggested Charles Babbage
LADY AUGUSTA

to use binary number system in the Analytical Engine

She had given the concept of a stepwise sequence of

operations for solving certain mathematical problems

She was known as the first programmer

1.2.9 TABULATING MACHINE
1887 AD
TABULATING
An American statistician, Herman Hollerith constructed data processing machine called ‘Tabulating
MACHINE
Machine’

This machine could automatically read data from punched cards and count the data

The tabulating machine consisted of a card reader, a gear driven mechanism and large wall of dial
indicator

This was used for tabulating data of 1890 AD census of USA

Nowadays, the IBM is one if the largest computer manufacturing computers

1.2.10 Z3 COMPUTER
1941 AD
Z3 COMPUTER

An electronical computer designed by KonradZuse

The world’s first working programmable, fully automatic

computing machine

Punched films were used for storing program code and data
1.2.11 HARVARD MARK-I
1937 AD – 1943 AD

Howard Aiken, professor of Harvard University

HARVARD
MARK-I

The first automatic electromechanical computer ‘IBM ASCC (Automatic Sequence

Controlled Calculator)
The first automatic machine were decimal number system was used and also
known as MARK-I
51 feet long, 8 feet high and 2 feet wide computer weighed 35 tons and had 500
miles of wires
It could do a multiplication in six seconds, a division in 15.3 seconds and a
logarithm or a trigonometric function in one minute
1.2.12 ATANASOFF BERRY COMPUTER
(ABC)
1937 AD – 1942 AD
ATNASOFF BERRY
COMPUTER
John Vincent a professor of physics and mathematics

John Vincent Atanasoff and his student Clifford Berry developed

ABC
The first completed electronic computer where binary number
system was used
It could solve up to 29 linear algebraic equations simultaneously
1.2.13 ELECTRONIC NUMERIC
INTEGRATOR AND CALCULATOR
(ENIAC)
1946 AD

Dr John William Mauchly and John Presper Eckert developed Electronic Numeric Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC)
ENIAC

The first electric general purpose computer based on decimal number system

It was built for US army to calculate artillery firing table to use in second world war

It was faster and bigger than other previous machines

It had 18000 vacuum tubes and consumed 160 kilowatts of electric power
1.2.14 ELECTRIC DISCRETE VARIABLE
AUTOMATIC COMPUTER (EDVAC)
1946 AD – 1952 AD

Dr. John Mauchly, John Presper Eckert and John Neumann

EDVAC

This first stores program computer based on binary number

Built for U.S. army’s Ballistics Research Laboratory

It had stored program, central processor and memory for both data and program. It had magnetic
tape for storing data

It contained almost 6000 vacuum tubes and 12000 diodes. It consumed about 56 kilowatts of
power
1.2.15 ELECTRONIC DELAY STORAGE
AUTOMATIC CALCULATOR (EDSAC)
1949 AD

Professor Maurice Wilkes and his team developed EDSAC

EDSAC

The first practical stored program electronic computer which had 3000 vacuum tubes and memory delay lines.
The programs were input in the EDSAC by using paper tape

Output were displayed through the telephone (Eletromechanical Typewriter)

It consumed 30 kilowatts of electric power

1.2.16 CSRIAC (COUNCIL FOR SCIENTIFIC AND
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AUTOMATIC COMPUTER)
1947 AD – 1949 AD

Dr. Trevor Pearcey and Maston Beard

CSRIAC

Australia's first digital computer and the forth stored program computer in the world

It was the first computer that could play digital music

The machine was based on valve (Vacuum Tube)

It used memory acoustic delay lines as its primary data storage, punched paper tape as input
device and teleprinter tape as output device
1.2.17 UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC
COMPUTER (UNIVAC-I)
1951 AD
UNIVAC-I
Dr. John William Mauchly and John Presper Eckert

The first general purpose electronic digital computer for commercial users and was
based on EDVAC design

It had mercury delay lines for storing programs and magnetic tapes for data input
and output

The UNIVAC could handle both numbers and alphabet characters.

History of Computers
Abacus – 1100 BC

Slide rule - 1617

Mechanical calculator - 1642
Automatic loom (punched
cards) - 1804

Babbage’s computer –
1830s
Boolean logic – 1850s

Hollerith’s electric tabulator - 1880

Analog computer – 1927
EDVAC – 1946
ENIAC - 1947

Transistor - 1947
Integrated circuit – late 1950s
UNIVAC – 1951
Microprocessor – 1971
Altair 8880 – 1975
Apple II – 1977
IBM PC – 1981
World Wide Web – 1990s
1.3 The history of computer in Nepal
• The first computer was in 1972 AD for the national census
• For the census 2028, Nepal government hired IBM 1401, A second generation
computer at Rs. 1 lakhs 25 thousand per month.
• With the help of a computer the census of 2028 BS was completed in 1 year 7
month and 15 days.
• Nepal government realized the imported computer and established Yantric
Sarinikaran Kendra (Electronic Data Processing Center) on 15th Poush 2031 BS
• For the census 2038 BS, Nepal government had brought forth generation
computer ICL 2950/10
• Nowadays, computers with faster processing and larger storage are easily
available in Nepal.
Thank You