LESSON 1:

QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
DESIGN
Ms. Darlene Virginie D. Fruelda
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Is a process of structuring techniques and strategies
that helps researchers solve their problems or
answer their inquiry.
 This may include answering 5Ws
 What
 Why
 Who
 Where
 When
FOUR APPROACHES IN
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN
 ETHNOGRAPHY
• From the word “ethno” means people and “graphy” means
writing which is translated to writing about people.
• It aims to study particular group of people in their natural
settings.
• This study wants to describe and interpret the behavior of
different kinds of people, culture or population.
 CASE STUDY
• Use if a researcher want to learn deeper and more specific
details of a certain situation, group of people or an
individual.
• It gives more in-depth analysis to a topic with the use of
more data gathering procedures at the same time.
 PHENOMENOLOGY
• Wants to study the phenomenon or experiences of people.
• Its purpose is to give an idea on how individuals or a group
of people react or experience a certain phenomenon.
• A phenomenon can be a rare occurrence or an
experience of an individual that is not common.
 HISTORICAL APPROACH
• A systematic collection and evaluation of information which
have occurred in the past.
• This can be in a form of documents, stories, artifacts,
videos, etc.
LESSON 2:
SAMPLING
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE
 POPULATION is the complete group of people,
animals or objects that have the same
characteristics that the research needs.
 SAMPLE is a group of
individuals that
represent the
population
 SAMPLING is the
process of selecting
respondents
STEPS IN SAMPLING SAMPLING METHODS
• SNOWBALL (crowd sourcing)
Step 1 • OPPORTUNISTIC (readily available)
• Identify the population of • CONVENIENCE (use someone you
interest already know as respondent)
Step 2
• Specify a sampling frame TWO APPROACHES IN DETERMINING
SAMPLE SIZE
Step 3
1. Depends whether the data reach
• Specify a sampling method its saturation point
Step 4 2. Depends on the type of approach
• Phenomenology (1-10
• Determine your sample size
subjects)
Step 5 • Case study (4-5 respondents)
• Implement the plan • Single culture sharing group for
Ethnography (4-5 respondents)
LESSON 3: THE
DATA AND
DATA
COLLECTION
DATA

 All information that will

gather throughout the
research.
 One way to collect
qualitative data is to
gather your data from
different sources of
information
TWO CLASSIFICATION OF DATA BASED ON THEIR
USE AND SOURCE

PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

 Refers to the first-hand  Data that are gathered from the
information based on actual secondary sources
experiences or observations
 It is readily available to use
 More reliable to use
 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

1. INTERVIEW
 Most common type of instrument used
 Done by having set of questions to your
respondents and letting them answer
 Three types of interview
 Structured interview (has set of
predetermined questions)
 Unstructured interview (no predetermined
question but an outline of what kind of
questions to be ask in the respondents)
 Semi-structured interview (has prepared a
set of questions and also free to ask follow
up questions)
 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

2. OBSERVATIONS
 This happens when a researcher observes and
take notes of the behavior of people that they
want to be a part of their research
 Three types of observations
 Naturalistic observation (observes the behavior
of a group of people in their natural setting)
 Participative observation (observation happens
when a researcher takes part on the activities)
 Semi-structured interview (observes the
behavior of a group of people when they are
not in their usual setting)
 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

3. QUESTIONNAIRES
 Somewhat similar to interviews
based on the format of
questions that is being used
 Three types of questionnaires
 Closed-ended questionnaires
(mostly for statistical
purposes)
 Open-ended questionnaires
(leaves a blank space so that
respondents can give their
point of view about specific
question)
 Combination of both
 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS

4. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

 Focuses on groups of
people being interviewed at
the same time
 This relies on the
respondents to give a
discussion amongst
themselves on he question
that the researcher give.
 The researcher serve as
moderator or facilitator.
LESSON 4:
GATHERING
THE DATA
 SEVERAL STEPS IN
OBSERVATION PROCESS
(CRESWELL, 2007))

Select where Find the Take your

What kind of
you want to means to time to write Politely thank
observation
conduct gather your down the the
will you be
your observed important participants.
using?
observation. data. details.
 HOW DO WE CONDUCT A
PROPER INTERVIEW?

Let the
Find out Secure a Make sure
participants
what type of letter of that you have Have the Politely thank
choose
interview communica- your right the
where they
you will be tion to the interview equipment. participants.
will be
using. respondents. questions.
interviewed.
 HOW TO ESTABLISH A GOOD
RELATIONSHIP AND
COMMUNICATION WITH YOUR
PARTICIPANTS?

Do not
Wear forget to
Treat them Maintain Do not ask thank them
proper
with eye personal for their time
and formal and
respect. contact. questions.
outfit. participation
.
COMMUNICATIO
N LETTER
EXAMMMMMMMMMM