Basics of Computer

Computer
 Computer is an electronic machine that helps to process data. It is an information
processing and information accessing tool which processes to produce new information
 History of Computer
Calculating device
 In the beginning, animal bones and clay chalks were used to calculate
 The first instrument made for calculation was “Abacus”
 Abacus was developed by Chinese about 5000 years ago
 History of Computer
Calculator

 The first mechanical calculator was developed by “Blaise

Pascal” in 1642 called Pascalene
 Blaise Pascal known as father of calculator
 History of Computer
Analytic Engine

 Charles Babbage created the first Analytic Engine in 1833,

which was the basic model of the modern computer
 Charles Babbage known as father of computer
 “A passage from life of a philosopher”
 First computer program was developed by Ada Augusta,
student of Charles Babbage
 History of Computer
Punch Card

 In 1884, Herman Hollerith, a German scientist developed Punched Card, which was
the first storage device.
 Father of data processing structure - Herman Hollerith
 History of Computer
Mark I
 Mark I was the first mechanical computer invented by Howard Aiken and IBM in
1942.
 First programs to run on the Mark I was initiated by John Von Neuman on 29
March 1944
 Father of computer architecture - John Von Neuman
 History of Computer
ENIAC
 First electronic computer was invented by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert in
1945

E – Electronic
N – Numerical
I – Integrator
A – And
C – Computer
 History of Computer

First generation of computer (1940 – 52)

 Technology – Vacuum Tubes (Valves)
 Vacuum Tubes invented by – John A Fleming
 OS – Batch processing
 Memory type – Magnetic tape
 Language – Machine language
 Number system used – Binary number system
 Input – Punch Cards; Output – Printout
 Main computers of this generation – ENIAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC, MANIAC
 History of Computer

Second generation of computer (1952 – 64)

 Technology – Transistor
 “Miracle child of electronics”
 Transistor was invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and
Walter Brattian
 Memory type – Magnetic tape
 Language – Assembly language
 OS, Input and Output are same as first generation computers
 History of Computer

Third generation of computer (1965 – 75)

 Technology – Integrated Circuits
 Circuits were built primarily on a single chip
made of Silicon, so they were called “Silicon
Chips”
 Integrated Circuits Invented by Jack Kilby
 Language – High level language
 Input – Keyboard
 Output – Monitor
 Network system started for the first time in this generation
 History of Computer

Fourth generation of computer (1975 till now)

 Present generation
 Technology – Microprocessor
 Microprocessor it self known as “Mini computer”
 Microprocessor was invented by Marcian Hoff, Stanely
Mazor & Masathoshi Shima in 1971
 First microprocessor – Intel 4004
 VLSI technology
 World’s largest manufacture of IC/MP – Intel
 History of Computer

Fourth generation of computer (1975 till now)

 Internet started for the first time in this generation
 Computer mouse implemented (invented by Douglas
Engelbart)
 Computer mouse was invented on 1972 and marketed
by Apple company on 1976
 GUI implemented
 Eg: Apple 1, Apple 2, Cray 1
 History of Computer
Fifth generation of computer
 Technology – Artificial Intelligence
 Father of AI – John McCarthy
 Only technology that use software
 Voice Identification and Image Recognition are main
technologies of this generation
 Microprocessor – ULSI
 Computer language used for AI – PROLOG (Old – LISP)
 Language – Natural language
 Eg: Robot
 Father of industrial robots – Joseph Frederic
Engelberger
 Types of Computer

Digital Analog Hybrid

 Types of Computer

Micro Computer
 Also known as PC or personal computer
 Largely used for domestic and official purpose

Mini Computer
 Comparatively larger than micro computer
 5 to 50 times more powerful than micro computer
 Types of Computer

Mainframe computer
 More than 100 people can work at a time on different terminals by time
sharing and multi tasking techniques

Super computer
 Very powerful, most expensive & fastest computer
 Able to process most complex jobs with a very high speed
 Types of Computer

Quantum computer
 Development of these kind of computer is in final stage
 In this type of computers, Q-bits will be used instead of binary bits
 Important Facts

 Computer Literacy day – December 2

 India announced New Computer Policy in 1984
 First computer made in India – Siddharth (manufactured by Electronics
Corporation of India)
 First computer was installed in Main Post office of Bangalore in 1986
 First Super Computer of the world – CRAY K-1-S developed by Cray K
company of USA
 First digital computer - ENIAC
 First practical digital computer – UNIVAC
 First programming language – FORTRAN
 Important Facts

 India’s first Super computer – PARAM 8000

 Developed by Vijay P Bhaktar in 1991 in C-DAC
 C-DAC was established in Pune in 1988
 PARAM - PARAllelMachine
 Most popular OS in the world:-
 In PC – Windows
 In smart phones – Android
 In Tablets – iOS
 In super computers – Linux
 Organization of Computer

 Computer has mainly two parts:

1. Hardware
2. Software
Organization of Computer
 Processors/CPU

 Brain of the computer

 All major computations and
comparisons are made inside the CPU
 Responsible for activating and
controlling the operations of other units
of the computer
 Eg: Intel core i3, core i5, core i7, AMD
Quadcore
 Functions of CPU are performed by
three components – ALU, CU and
Registers
 CPU

Main attributes of CPU:

(a) Data Width/Word size: it refers to the number of bits of data that can be
manipulated within the CPU at one given time
 Computers have data width ranging from 8 to 64 bits.
 Higher data width means the CPU is capable of processing data faster.
(b) Address Range: it refers to the amount of memory that can be directly read or
written by the CPU
(c) Clock Speed: every computer contains an internal clock that regulates the rate
at which instructions are executed. CPU requires a fixed number of clock ticks
(clock cycles) to execute the each instructions. Clock speed is the speed of CPU
 CPU

a. ALU
 Arithmetic Logic Unit
 The actual operations specified in the instructions are carried in ALU
 Performs calculations and logical operations such as comparisons and decision
making
 CPU

b. CU
 Control Unit
 It invokes the other units to take charge of the operation they are associated
with
 It is the central nervous system that manages and coordinates all other units of
the computer

c. Registers
 Temporary storage elements that facilitate the functions of CPU
 CPU
Important registers inside CPU:
 Accumulator: used to store data to perform arithmetic and logical operation.
The result of an operation stored in accumulator
 Memory Address Register (MAR): stores address of a memory location to
which data is either to be read or written by the processor
 Memory Buffer Register (MBR): It holds the data, either to be written to or
read from the memory by processor
 Instruction Register (IR): instructions to be executed by processor are stored
here
 Program Counter: holds the address of the next instruction to be executed by
the processor
 Units of Data Measurements
0 or 1 = 1 Bits
4 Bits = 1 Nibble
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 Kilo Byte (KB)
1024 KB = 1 Mega Byte (MB)
1024 MB = 1 Giga Byte (GB)
1024 GB = 1 Tera Byte (TB)
1024 TB = 1 Peta Byte (PB)
1024 PB = 1 Exa Byte (EB)
1024 EB = 1 Zeta Byte (ZB)
1024 ZB = 1 Yota Byte (YB)
1024 YB = 1 Bronto Byte (BB)
1024 BB = 1 Geop Byte
 Storage Unit/Memory Unit

 Functions of storage unit are to hold or store:

a. Data and instructions required for processing
b. Intermediate results for ongoing processing
c. Final result of processing, before releasing to the output unit
 Divided as Primary Memory & Secondary Memory
 Memory

Primary Memory:
o It is often referred to as the working memory or the main memory of a
computer system.
o Access directly by the CPU
o It is capable of sending and receiving data at a very high speed.
o Mainly three types: RAM, ROM and Cache Memory
 Random Access Memory (RAM)

 Mein memory that microprocessor can read from and write to

 Contents will lost when the power is switched off
 Known as volatile memory
 Speed of RAM refers to how fast the data in memory is accessed, it is measured
in Mega Hertz (MHz)
 When a computer is in use, its RAM contains the following:
1. The OS software
2. Application software currently being used
3. Any data that is being processed
 Read Only Memory (ROM)

 It is a permanent memory that can perform only read operations and its
contents cannot be easily altered
 Non volatile; contents are retained even after power is switched off
 Used to hold boot up program known as BIOS
 Slower than RAM
 Modified types of ROM:
1. PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory, which can be programmed
only once
2. EPROM – Erasable Programmable ROM, can be erased using ultra violet
radiation and can be programmed using special electronic circuit
3. EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM, can be erased and
rewritten electrically
 Cache Memory
 Small and fastest memory between the processor and Main memory
 Frequently accessed data, instructions, intermediate results etc. are stored in
cache memory for quick access.
 If a processor wants to read from or write to RAM, if first check whether a copy
of that data is in the cache. If so, the processor immediately reads the cache,
which is much faster than reading from RAM
 Secondary Memory

 Permanent and non volatile

 Larger in size but slower than RAM
 Used for transferring data from one computer to another
 Also act as a backup
 Major types of secondary storage devices are: Magnetic, optical, semiconductor
memory
 Magnetic Storage Devices

 It use plastic tape or metal/plastic disks coated with magnetic materials.

 Data is recorded magnetically in these devices
 Read/Write heads are used to access data from these devices
 Eg: Magnetic tapes, Floppy disks, Hard disks etc.
 Optical Storage Devices

 Data storage medium which uses low powered laser beam to read from and
write data into it
 Consists of an aluminium foil sandwiched between two circular plastic disks
 Eg: CD, DVD and Blu-ray
 Semi Conductor Storage/Flash Memory

 It uses EEPROM chips for data storage

 Faster and durable compared to other storage devices
 Eg: USB, Memory cards
Input/Output Devices
 Input Devices

 Input devices feed data and instructions into the computer and output devices
present information from a computer system
 Keyboard
 Allows user to enter alphabets, numbers and other characters
 Keyboard detects the key pressed and generates the corresponding ASCII code
which can be recognised by the computer
 The standard US keyboard introduced in 1986 has 101 keys. Its keyboard
layout called QWERTY design
 Mouse

 Electro mechanical hand held device

 Used as pointer to indicate the position of the cursor
 Different types of mouse are Ball, Optical and Laser mouse
 Light Pen

 Input device that utilizes a light sensitive detector to select objects on a display
screen
 Mainly used by engineers, artists or fashion designers for CAD and drawing
functions
 Touch Screen

 Input device that allows the user to operate by simply touching on the display
screen
 It accepts the input through monitor
 Touchpad

 Pointing device found on portable computers and some external keyboards

 Allows us to move the mouse pointer without the need of an external mouse
 Joystick
 Input device used for playing video games, controlling training simulators and
robots
 Microphone
 Accepts sounds in which analogue in nature as input and converts it to digital
format
 Digitised sound can be stored in the computer for processing or playback
 Scanner
 Scanners capture information like pictures or text, and convert it into a digital
format that can be edited using computer
 The resolution of the image scanned is expressed in Dots Per Inch (DPI)
 Higher the DPI, better the resolution
 Different variants of scanners are flat bed,
sheet fed and hand held scanner
 Optical Character Recognition(OCR)
software is used to recognise the printed text
in an image scanned and convert it into
proper text format
 Optical Marker Reader
 Scans a printed form and reads predefined positions, and records the marks on
the form
 Normally uses to evaluate multiple choice questions in competitive exam
 Barcode/Quick Response (QR) code reader
 These devices are used to input data from set of barcodes
 Barcode is a set of lines of different thickness and spacing
that represent a number
 QR code is similar barcode. Barcodes are single dimensional
where as QR codes are two dimensional
 Biometric Sensor
 Device which identifies unique human physical features with high accuracy
 Uses physical features like, fingerprints, retina, iris pattern etc,.
 Webcam
 Digital camera attached to computers which can be used for video conferencing,
online chatting etc.
 Output Devices

 Output devices return processed data that is information, back to the user.
 VDU
 Output device that visually conveys text, graphics and video information.
 Information shown on a display device is called softcopy because the
information exists electronically and is displayed for a temporary period of
time
CRT Monitor
 Cathode Ray Tube Monitor
 Two types are monochrome and color
 Another variant of monochrome monitor is grey scale monitor
Flat Panel Monitor
 They are thinner, lighter in weight, consume less power and emit less heat
compared to CRT monitors
 Types of flat panel monitors are
 LCD Monitors: Consists of liquid crystals sandwiched
between two plastic plates
 LED Monitors: Use LED directly behind the liquid
crystal display
 Plasma Monitors: A flat panel display consists of
sandwiching neon/xenon gas between two sealed glass
plates with parallel electrodes deposited on the surface

 OLED Monitors: The panel of OLED is made up of millions of tiny LEDs. O stands
for organic which means there is carbon in the light emitting layer of the panel
LCD Projector
 Type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data, on a
large screen or other flat surface
 Printer

 Used to produce hardcopy output

 Prints information and data from the computer on to a paper
 Based on the technology used, it can be classified as impact or non-impact
printers
 Impact printer: Use typewriting or printing mechanism where a hammer strikes
the paper through a ribbon in order to produce output. Eg: Dot-matrix printer
 Non Impact printers: It do not touch the paper while printing. Use different
technologies to print character on paper. Eg: Inkjet, Laser and Thermal printers
 Two factors that determine the quality of printers are
1. Resolution – Measured in terms of DPI
2. Speed – Measured as CPS, LPM, PPM
Dot-matrix Printer
 In dot matrix printer the print head physically "hits" the paper through the
ribbon and produces text (or images) by combinations of dots; hence the name
dot matrix printer. Its speed is measured in characters per second (CPS).
Inkjet Printer
 It is a printer that places extremely small droplets of ink onto paper to create
an image. It sprays ink onto paper to form characters and prints high quality
text and graphics.
Laser Printer
 Laser printer produces good quality output. The image to be printed is
transferred to a drum using a laser beam. The toner powder from the cartridge
is then sprayed on the drum.
 Laser printers are faster and their speed is measured in pages per minutes
(PPM)
Inkjet Printer
 Produce printed images by selectively heating heat-sensitive thermal paper
when it passes over the thermal print head.
 They print quite and faster than dot-matrix printers
 Plotter

 Output device used to produce hardcopies of graphs and designs on the paper
 Typically used to print large format of graphs or maps

Flatbed/Table plotter
Drum plotter/Roller plotter
 3D Printer
 Used to print 3D objects
Software
 Set of programs that help us to use computer system and other electronic
devices efficiently and effectively
 Two types of software are
I. System software
II. Application software
 System Software
 Set of one or more programs designed to control the operations of a computer
 System software supports the running of other software, its communication
with other peripheral devices
 It helps to manage resources of the computer
 Components of system software are:
a) Operating System
b) Language processors
c) Utility software
Operating System
 Set of programs that acts as an interface between the user and computer
hardware
 Controls and co-ordinates the operations of a computer
 Acts as resource manager of the computer system
 It is the first program to be loaded from hard disk in the computer and it resides
in the memory till the system is shutdown
 Functions Of Operating System :-
i. Process Management
ii. Memory Management
iii. Input/Output Management
iv. File and Disk Management
v. User Interface
Operating System
 Set of programs that acts as an interface between the user and computer
hardware
 Controls and co-ordinates the operations of a computer
 Acts as resource manager of the computer system
 It is the first program to be loaded from hard disk in the computer and it resides
in the memory till the system is shutdown
 Functions Of Operating System :-
i. Process Management
ii. Memory Management
iii. Input/Output Management
iv. File and Disk Management
v. User Interface
Language processors

 Computer languages are the languages used by user to communicate with the
computer
 Computer languages maybe broadly classified into low level languages and
high level languages
 Low level languages are machine oriented languages which are written using
the memory and registers available on the computer
 Machine languages and Assembly languages are different low level languages
Language processors
 Language processors are the system software that translate programs written
in high level language or assembly language equivalent machine language
 Types of language processors:
• Assembler: Translator for assembly languages. They are highly machine
dependent
• Interpreter: Converts high level languages to machine languages line by
line. BASIC is a interpreted language
• Compilers: Translate high level languages to machine languages by
scanning the entire program in single run. Compiler using languages are
C,C++,Pascal etc.
Utility processors

Set of programs which help users in system maintenance tasks and in performing
tasks of routine nature
• Compression tool: Large files can be compressed so that they take less storage
area. Compression of files is known as Zipping and decompression is called
Unzipping. Eg: WinZip, WinRAR
• Disk defragmenter: Program that rearranges files on a computer hard disk.
This enables the computer to work faster and more efficiently
• Backup software: It facilitates the duplication and storage of disk information
so that in an event of disk failure, this backup may be used
• Antivirus software: Scans the computer system for viruses and removes them.
Eg: Norton, Kaspersky, etc.
Application Software
Application Software
Designed and developed for users to perform some specific tasks like writing a
letter, listening to music or watching video

 Word processors: MS Word, Word pad, Word star, Corel Word Perfect, Google
docs.
 Database software: MS access, file maker, dBase, Clipper, MySQL, FoxPro
 Web browser: Google chrome, Mozilla fire fox, Internet explorer, opera
 Multimedia software: Adobe photoshop, Picasa, VLC media, Windows media
player
 Mailing software: MS outlook, Gmail
 Presentation software: MS power point
 Spreadsheet software: MS Excel, Lotus 123
Free and open source software

Free and open source software gives the user the freedom to use, copy, distribute,
examine, change and improve the software. The Free Software Foundation (FSF)
defines the four freedoms for free and open source software

 Freedom 0: the freedom to run program for any purpose

 Freedom 1: freedom to study how the program works and adapt it to your
needs. Access to source code should be provided
 Freedom 2: freedom to distribute copies of the software
 Freedom 3: freedom to improve the program and release your improvements to
the public
Free and open source software
 GNU/Linux – Computer operating system which was introduced by Richard
Stallman in 1983
 GIMP – GNU Image Manipulation Program. It is an image editing software
 Mozilla Firefox – Web browser created by Mozilla
 OpenOffice.org – It is a complete office suite that contains word processor,
spreadsheets and presentations
MS Office
 Collection of office related applications developed by Microsoft

MS Word
 Word processor developed by Microsoft
 Used for creating, editing, formatting, storing, retrieving and printing of a
text document
 Native file formats are denoted by either a .doc or .docx extension
Tabs of MS Word
 HOME: Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing
Tabs of MS Word
 HOME: Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing
 INSERT: Pages, Table, Illustrations, Add-ins, Media, Links, Comments,
Header and Footer, Texts, Symbols
 DESIGN: Document Formatting, Page background
 LAYOUT: Page setup, Paragraph, Arrange
 Mailings: Create, Start mail merge, Write and insert fields, Preview results,
Finish
 View: View, Page movement, Show, Zoom, Window, Macros
 Page Orientation: Portrait and Landscape
Tabs of MS Word
 HOME: Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing
 INSERT: Pages, Table, Illustrations, Add-ins, Media, Links, Comments,
Header and Footer, Texts, Symbols
 DESIGN: Document Formatting, Page background
 LAYOUT: Page setup, Paragraph, Arrange
 Mailings: Create, Start mail merge, Write and insert fields, Preview results,
Finish
 View: View, Page movement, Show, Zoom, Window, Macros
 Page Orientation: Portrait and Landscape
Tabs of MS Word
 HOME: Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing
 INSERT: Pages, Table, Illustrations, Add-ins, Media, Links, Comments,
Header and Footer, Texts, Symbols
 DESIGN: Document Formatting, Page background
 LAYOUT: Page setup, Paragraph, Arrange
 Mailings: Create, Start mail merge, Write and insert fields, Preview results,
Finish
 View: View, Page movement, Show, Zoom, Window, Macros
 Page Orientation: Portrait and Landscape
Tabs of MS Word
 HOME: Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing
 INSERT: Pages, Table, Illustrations, Add-ins, Media, Links, Comments,
Header and Footer, Texts, Symbols
 DESIGN: Document Formatting, Page background
 LAYOUT: Page setup, Paragraph, Arrange
 Mailings: Create, Start mail merge, Write and insert fields, Preview results,
Finish
 View: View, Page movement, Show, Zoom, Window, Macros
 Page Orientation: Portrait and Landscape
Tabs of MS Word
 HOME: Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Styles and Editing
 INSERT: Pages, Table, Illustrations, Add-ins, Media, Links, Comments,
Header and Footer, Texts, Symbols
 DESIGN: Document Formatting, Page background
 LAYOUT: Page setup, Paragraph, Arrange
 Mailings: Create, Start mail merge, Write and insert fields, Preview results,
Finish
 View: View, Page movement, Show, Zoom, Window, Macros
 Page Orientation: Portrait and Landscape
 Alignments: Left aligned, Right aligned, Centre aligned and Justify
 Header & Footer: Display information such as title and page number of the
document
 Title bar: Bar at the top of the window bearing the name of the window
 Menu bar/Tab Row: Located below the title bar that provides categorized
option.
 Editing: To change the value of data
 Formatting: To change the look and appearance of the data
 Water mark: Faded background image that displays behind the text in a
document
 Mail merge: Produces multiple letters, labels, envelopes, name tags, and more
using information stored in a list, database or spreadsheet
 Hyperlink: Word, phrase or image that we can click on to jump to a new
document or new section within the current document
 Macros: A series of commands (shortcuts and recordings) that is recorded so
that it can be played back at a later time
 Thesaurus: For finding the synonym for a word in the document
Shortcuts in MS Word
 Ctrl+O – open an existing file
 Ctrl+N – creating a new document
 Ctrl+A – select all
 Ctrl+X – cut
 Ctrl+V – paste
 Ctrl+F – find
 Ctrl+I – make the text italic
 Ctrl+B – make the text bold
 Ctrl+U – make the text underline
 Ctrl+S – save the document
 Ctrl+P – opens the print window
 Ctrl+Z – undo last action
 Ctrl+Y – redo last action
MS Excel

Spreadsheet application developed by Microsoft

 Features: Calculation, graphic tools, pivot tables and a macro programming
language called visual basic for application
 Tabs: Files, Home, Insert, Page layout, Formula, Data, Review and View
 Intersection of a row and column is called a cell
 The cell in which we are currently working is called a active cell
 Shortcut to insert a new worksheet – ALT + Shift + F1 or Shift + F11
MS Excel

Home: Clipboard, Font, Alignment, Number, Styles, Cells, Editing

Insert: Tables, Illustrations, Add-ins, Charts, Sparklines, Filters, Links, Symbols
Formulas: Insert function, function library, defined names: formula auditing,
calculation
View: Workbook views, Show, Zoom
MS Excel

Home: Clipboard, Font, Alignment, Number, Styles, Cells, Editing

Insert: Tables, Illustrations, Add-ins, Charts, Sparklines, Filters, Links, Symbols
Formulas: Insert function, function library, defined names: formula auditing,
calculation
View: Workbook views, Show, Zoom
MS Excel

Home: Clipboard, Font, Alignment, Number, Styles, Cells, Editing

Insert: Tables, Illustrations, Add-ins, Charts, Sparklines, Filters, Links, Symbols
Formulas: Insert function, function library, defined names: formula auditing,
calculation
View: Workbook views, Show, Zoom
MS Excel

Home: Clipboard, Font, Alignment, Number, Styles, Cells, Editing

Insert: Tables, Illustrations, Add-ins, Charts, Sparklines, Filters, Links, Symbols
Formulas: Insert function, function library, defined names: formula auditing,
calculation
View: Workbook views, Show, Zoom
Functions in MS Excel
 IF: Tests a user defined condition and returns one result if the condition is true
and another result if the condition is false
 ABS: Returns the absolute value of a supplied number
 SUM: Returns the sum of a supplied list of numbers
 PRODUCT: Returns the product of a supplied list of numbers
 POWER: Returns the result of a given number raised to a supplied power
 MOD: Returns the remainder from a division between two supplied numbers
 SUMIF: Adds the cells in a supplied range, that satisfy a given criteria
 COUNT: Returns the number of numerical values in a supplied set of cells or
values
Functions in MS Excel
 COUNTIF: Returns the number of cells (of a supplied range), that satisfy a
given criteria
 MAX: Returns the largest value from a list of supplied numbers
 MIN: Returns the smallest value from a list of supplied numbers
 AVERAGE: Returns the average value from a list of supplied numbers
MS POWERPOINT
 Slide show presentation program
 Tabs: File, Home, Insert, Design, Transition, Animation, Slide Show, Review,
View
 Short Cuts for PowerPoint

Ctrl + N Create a new presentation

Ctrl + O Open an existing presentation
Ctrl + S Save a presentation
Ctrl + F4 Close a presentation
Ctrl + Q Save and close a presentation
Ctrl + Z Undo an action
Ctrl + Y Redo an action
Ctrl + F2 Print review view
F7 Check spelling
Ctrl + F Find and replace
Esc End the slide show
F5 Start the presentation from the beginning