A tangent galvanometer

PHYSICS is an early measuring

instrument used for the

INVESTIGATORY measurement of electric

current. It works by using

REPORT a compass needle to

compare a magnetic field

EARTH MAGNETIC FIELD generated by the

Although historically ancient travelers made abundant use of the unknown current to the
earth’s magnetic field for the exploration of the earth, they were
magnetic field of the
ignorant of its origin. In many respects the earth’s magnetic field
exhibits characteristics similar to those of a bar magnet; nonetheless, Earth. It gets its name
the mechanisms responsible for generating each are vastly different.
from its operating
Magnetic field lines appear to originate near the south geographic pole,
i.e. magnetic north pole, and terminate near the north geographic pole, principle, the tangent law
i.e. magnetic south pole. It is interesting to note that in the vicinity of
of magnetism, which
Wilmington, North Carolina the magnetic field lines enter the earth at a
relatively steep angle. The angle of inclination or dip angle, which is the states that the tangent of
angle that a compass
the angle a compass
needle makes with respect to the plane of the horizon, is approximately
needle makes is
60. In this experiment principles of magnetostatics and elementary
vector analysis are used to determine the earth’s magnetic field in the proportional to the ratio
vicinity of Wilmington, North Carolina.
of the strengths of the

two perpendicular

magnetic fields. It

was described by Claude

first

Pouillet in 1837.Who

later employed this

sensitive form of

galvanometer to verify

Ohm’s law.

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Amit sh | Vanasthali public School | XII- B/A/C
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Overview................................................................................................................................................ 5
Aim of the Project .................................................................................................................................. 5
Apparatus and Materials required .......................................................................................................... 6
Theory ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Applications .................................................................................................................................... 8
Procedure .............................................................................................................................................. 8
The initial ADJUSTMENTS .............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Procedure for performing simulator................................................................................................. 9
Observations and Graph...................................................................................................................... 10
To determine the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (Bh)........................................... 10 To
determine the reduction factor of T.G ...................................................................................... 10 From
graph ................................................................................................................................... 11
Result .................................................................................................................................................. 11
Facts............................................................................................................................................. 11
Applications ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Bibliography......................................................................................................................................... 12
The Tangent galvanometer .................................................................................................................. 12

Amit sh | Vanasthali public School | XII- B/A/C

 OVERVIE
W
The tangent galvanometer was first described in an 1837 by Claude-Servais- Mathias Pouillet, who
later employed this sensitive form of galvanometer to verify Ohm’s law. To use the galvanometer, it is
first set up on a level surface and the coil aligned with the magnetic north-south direction. This means
that the compass needle at the middle of the coil is parallel with the plane of the coil when it carries no
current. The current to be measured is now sent through the coil, and produces a magnetic field,
perpendicular to the plane of the coil and is directly proportional to the current.

The magnitude of the magnetic field produced by the coil is B; the magnitude of the horizontal
component the Earth’s magnetic field is B’. the compass needle aligns itself along the vector sum of B
and B’ after rotating through an angle Ø from its original orientation. The vector diagram shows that tan
Ø = B/B’. since the magnetic field of the Earth is constant, and B depends directly on the current, the
current is thus proportional to the tangent of the angle through which the needle has turned.

AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of the project is to find the ‘reduction factor’ of the given tangent galvanometer (K) and the
horizontal component of the Earth’s magnetic field (BH).

o To determine the reduction factor of the given tangent galvanometer (K).

o To find out the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (Bh).

Topviewofa
tangentgal
vanometer
madeabout
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ofthecomp
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diculartoth
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icneedle.

TangentgalvanometermadebyJ.H. BunnellCo.around1890
5

Amit sh | Vanasthali public School | XII- B/A/C

 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
REQUIRED
o Tangent galvanometer (TG),
o commutator (C),
o rheostat (R),
o battery (E),
o ammeter (A),
o key (k), etc
o

Tangent Galvanometer Plug Key

B a tt e r y E l i m i n a t o r a) Rotor v i e w b) Ordinary view

Rheostat
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Amit sh | Vanasthali public School | XII- B/A/C

 When a bar magnet is suspended in two Magnetic fields B and Bh, it comes to rest making an angle θ
with the direction ofBh.

THEOR
Y
Tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument for small electric currents. It consists of a coil
of insulated copper wire wound on a circular non-magnetic frame. Its working is based on the principle
of the tangent law of magnetism. When a current is passed through the circular coil, a magnetic field
(B) is produced at the center of the coil in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the coil. The TG is
arranged in such a way that the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field (Bh) is in the direction of
the plane of the coil. The magnetic needle is then under the action of two mutually perpendicular fields.
If θ is the deflection of the needle, then according to tangent law,

Let I is the current passing through the coil of radius a with n turns, then the field generated by the
current carrying circular coil is,

Equating (1) and (2), we get,

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Amit sh | Vanasthali public School | XII- B/A/C

 The left hand side of equation (4) is a constant and is called the reduction factor (K) of the given
tangent galvanometer.

Now from equation (3) & (5), the horizontal intensity of earth’s magnetic field Bh is,

APPLICATIONS

o T.G can be used to measure the magnitude of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic
field.
o The principle can be used to compare the galvanometer constants.

PROCEDURE
Connections are made as shown in the figure given below, where K is the key, E
the battery, A the ammeter, R the rheostat, C the commutator, and T.G the
tangent galvanometer. The commutator can reverse the current through the T.G
coil without changing the current in the rest of the circuit. Taking the average of
the resulting two readings for deflection averages out, any small error in
positioning the TG coil relative to the earth’s magnetic field Bh .

Amit sh | Vanasthali public School | XII- B/A/C

 PROCEDURE FOR PERFORMING EXPERIMENT
1. The plane of the coil is made vertical by adjusting the leveling screws.
2. The compass box alone is rotated so that the 90-90 line in the compass
box is in the plane of the coil.
3. The T.G as a whole is rotated till the Aluminium pointer reads 0-0.
4. Note down the number of turns in the coil.
5. A suitable current is allowed to pass through the coil.
6. Note down the currrent as well as the deflection in T.G.
7. Reverse the current and note the deflection again.
8. Repeat the procedure for different values of current.
9. Plot the graph.
10.Measure the radius of the coil from its perimeter by using a thread and
rotating it around the round circle.
11.Determine the reduction factor and horizontal intensity of earth's magnetic
field.

Amit sh | Vanasthali public School | XII- B/A/C

 OBSERVATIONS AND
GRAPH
Number of turns in the coil =....

Circumference of the coil, =......cm

Radius of the coil, a =....cm

TO DETERMINE THE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT OF EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD (BH)

The Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field (Bh) can be calculated using the formula,

TO DETERMINE THE REDUCTION FACTOR OF T.G

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Amit sh | Vanasthali public School | XII- B/A/C

 FROM GRAPH

Reduction factor K of the tangent galvanometer

can be determined

From the graph drawn as,

RESULT
The reduction factor of the given tangent galvanometer, K =............A

Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field, Bh =...........T

FACTS

 The tangent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument for Current

 The magnetic field produced by a circular coil carrying current I is Proportional to I
 The S.I unit of magnetic field is Tesla
 The magnitude of horizontal intensity of earth’s magnetic field is3.5x10⁻⁵ T
 For better result while doing tangent galvanometer experiment, the deflection should be in
between 30-60
 What is the value of µ₀ ? 4πx10⁻⁷ NA⁻²

APPLICATIONS
 T.G. can be used to measure the magnitude of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic
field.
 The principle can be used to compare the galvanometer constants.
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Amit sh | Vanasthali public School | XII- B/A/C

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.CLASS XII PHYSICS

NCERT

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Amit sh | Vanasthali public School | XII- B/A/C