INSTITUTE-UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCES
DIVISON - CHEMISTRY
University Open Elective
Subject Name- Fuel and Combustion
Subject Code-SHO-443
FUEL AND COMBUSTION DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
By Anju Singh
FUEL AND COMBUSTION

Welcome to the Course

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 LECTURE OUTLINE

This lecture will be a brief introduction to the course on fuel

and combustion. We will learn:
The course objective
The course outcome
The syllabus of the course
Assessment Pattern for the course
About fuels in general,
Burning of fuels
Fossil fuels/ Renewable and Non Renewable Forms of Energy
Application of Fuels
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 COURSE OBJECTIVE

To give an idea about different solid, liquid, gaseous fuels, their origin,
composition, classification, combustion and conversion processes.

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 UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION TO
FUELS AND SOLID FUEL,
PART-1
Introduction to Fuels, Properties of Fuel oil,
Coal and Gas, Storage, handling and
preparation of fuels, History of liquid fuel and
gaseous fuels, Production, present scenario
and consumption pattern of fuels,
Classification of fuels, Characteristics of a
good fuel, Calorific Value, Types &
Determination of calorific value using bomb
Calorimeter (Numerical Problems), Coal
classification, composition and basis, Analysis
of Coal- Proximate and Ultimate Analysis
Solid Fuel Cubes
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 UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION TO
FUELS AND SOLID FUEL,
PART-2

Coal Mining, Coal preparation and

washing, Combustion of coal and coke
making, Different types of coal
combustion techniques, Combustion
of coal and coke making, Coal
Liquefaction, Coal Gasification, Coke vs. Coal
Carbonization process of coal,
Metallurgical coke, Manufacture of https://i.pinimg.com/564x/9e/6e/9b/
9e6e9b04c98b9dc7f9b98f8f685fb69c.jpg
coke by Otto Hoffmann process.
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 UNIT-2
LIQUID AND GASEOUS
FUEL, PART 1
Liquid Fuels, crude oil, Classification of crude
oil and its physico chemical properties,
Characteristics of Crude oil, Mining and
Refining of Petroleum, Fractional distillation of
Crude oil, Various fractions of crude oil and
their composition and uses, Various fractions Crude Oil
recovered from Heavy Oil, Petroleum cracking, http://img.etimg.com/thumb/
methods of cracking, Synthesis of Gasoline: msid-59248683,width-
Fischer-Tropsch process and Bergius process. 672,resizemode-4,imglength-
84986/markets/expert-view/
Knocking properties of fuel, Anti-Knocking crude-oil-prices-should-remain-
agent, Octane and Cetane rating, Secondary soft-in-near-term-david-lennox/
crude-oil.jpg
Processing, Hydrotreatment, dewaxing,
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deasphalting, Refinery Equipments
 UNIT2
LIQUID AND
GASEOUS FUEL,
PART-2

Gaseous Fuel: Natural Gas,

Producer Gas, Water Gas,
Hydrogen gas, LPG, CNG,
Introduction to nuclear fuels,
Power alcohol, Refuse-derived
fuel (RDF), Bio-fuels.
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140529010504-phpapp01/95/combustion-and-flame-7-
638.jpg?cb=1401325687 8
 UNIT-3
COMBUSTION
TECHNOLOGY,
PART-1
Principles of Combustion,
Combustion of Oil, Coal,
and Gas, Mechanism and
kinetics of combustion, Gas Flame
Combustion appliances
for solid, liquid and
gaseous fuels
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gas_flame.jpg 9
 UNIT-3
COMBUSTION
TECHNOLOGY,
PART-2
Combustion phenomenon in the SI
engines, combustion knock, factors
affecting the combustion knock,
Control of knock, Combustion
chamber designs for SI engine,
Combustion phenomenon in the CI Knocking in Engines
engines, Delay period and Diesel
knock, Factors affecting delay period,
Combustion chamber designs for CI https://dannysengineportal.com/wp-content/uploads/Engine-
engines Spark-Knock.jpg

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Text Books
1. J. G. Speight, Chemistry and Technology of Coal, CRC Press, 2012.
2. D. M. Indra, Petroleum Refining technology, CBS Publishers and distributors,
2015.
3. S. Sarkar, Fuels and Combustion, Orient Longman, 2009.
4. F. Peter, Fuels and Fuel Technology, Wheatan & Co. Ltd., 2002
5. E.F. Obert, Internal Combustion Engine, International Textbooks & Co, 3rd
Edition, 1968.

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Reference Books
1. John B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine fundamentals, McGraw Hill,
1st Edition 1988.
2. P.M. Heldt., High Speed Combustion Engines, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co,
Calcutta, 1965.
3. Chandra Mohan and S.P. Sharma, Fuels and Combustion, Tata McGraw Hill,
New Delhi, 1984.

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 ASSESSMENT PATTERN

Assessment Pattern Total Marks

1st Hourly Test 36
2nd Hourly Test 36
Surprise Test 9
Assignment (3) 12
Tutorial sheet 9
Quiz 12
End Semester Examination 60
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 ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Full Form

CO Carbon
monoxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide
O2 Dioxygen

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 WHAT IS A FUEL?

•.

• Formal Definition of a Fossil Fuel: A combustible substance containing

carbon as the main constituent which on burning gives a large
amount of heat that can be used economically for domestic and
industrial purposes.

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 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A FUEL IS BURNT?

• Most fuels are burned in order to release some of their chemical

energy as heat.

• During the process of combustion atoms of C, H etc. combine with

O2 to give combustion products like ash, CO, CO2 and heat is released.

Fuel+ O2 → combustion products + heat

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 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN A FUEL IS BURNT?

• The heat (energy) obtained from burning a fuel can be used as such for
heating purposes or is converted to other forms of useful forms of
energy like mechanical, or electrical.

• In this course we will be concentrating on hydrocarbon fuels in

general and fossil fuels in particular and their process of combustion.

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DISTINCTION BETWEEN FOSSIL FUELS/ RENEWABLE
AND NON RENEWABLE FORMS OF ENERGY

• Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas, are non-renewable energy
sources and take so long to be replaced they can effectively run out.

• Renewable energy resources are resources that we can replace or which

do not run out. Familiar renewable energy resources include solar
energy, wind power, wave power, hydroelectric power, biomass, tidal
energy and geothermal energy.
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 DISTINCTION BETWEEN FOSSIL FUELS/ RENEWABLE
AND NON RENEWABLE FORMS OF ENERGY

• The term fossil fuel is used to describe the broad set of fuels “formed in the
earth from plant or animal remains” that have been transformed into raw
energy sources over the course of many years as a result of geological
processes.

• In effect, fossil fuels are the repositories of millions of years of energy that has
been accumulated and shaped into a concentrated form. They are a finite
resource that humans were fortunate to discover but likely they will probably
not encounter again. 19
SOME ASPECTS OF FOSSIL FUELS

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against-fossil-fuels-reconsidered/fossil-fuels-
human-health/

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 SOME ASPECTS OF FOSSIL FUELS

• Fossil fuels come in three main forms: petroleum, or crude oil;

coal; and natural gas. All have many uses, but each serves one
main purpose. Crude oil is refined predominantly to make
gasoline for transportation purposes, while most coal is burned
by utilities to produce electricity. Natural gas, is mainly
funneled to industrial sites and factories, though a sizable
percentage makes its way into homes for residential heating. 21
 SOME ASPECTS OF FOSSIL FUELS

• A small portion of hydrocarbon-based fuels are biofuels derived from

atmospheric carbon dioxide, and thus do not increase the net amount
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

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 APPLICATIONS OF FUELS

• Many electrical plants burn coal as the primary fossil fuel for
powering the electrical supply for homes across the country,

• Solid fuels like coal is used to make cement.

• Wood is converted to charcoal burnt is stoves.

https://www.energy-group.com/overall.htm
• Coal is used in metallurgy.

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 WEB REFERENCES

• https://www.journals.elsevier.com/fuel/
• https://blog.udemy.com/types-of-fossil-fuels/
• https://fueleconomy.gov/feg/current.shtml

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 REFERENCE BOOKS

J. G. Speight, Chemistry and Technology of Coal, CRC Press, 2012.

D. M. Indra, Petroleum Refining technology, CBS Publishers and

distributors, 2015.

S. Sarkar, Fuels and Combustion, Orient Longman, 2009.

F. Peter, Fuels and Fuel Technology, Wheatan & Co. Ltd., 2002

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END OF LESSON EXCERCISES

• Q1. What is a fuel? What happens when a fuel is burnt?

• Q2. What are the various applications of fuels?

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: [email protected]