Creating Skillful

Communication in
Speech
Chapter 3
 Introduction

• The secret to giving good speech is to focus on

your audience rather than yourself.

• “see yourself as a giver of gifts”

• Your speech, like life, has a beginning, middle

and end.
 Public Speaking
• Speaking in front of others for a specific purpose
– Schools, work, community, personal life
• Three general purposes include
– Inform, persuade and entertain
– Informative:
• broaden knowledge
– Persuasion:
• change what your listener think
– Entertain:
• amuse, please or charm the audience
 Determining your Specific
Purpose
• Specific purpose is goal you want to achieve
for your speech.
• It includes
– General purpose, intended audience, desired result
– Examples
• To inform audience about making coffee table
• To persuade the audience to buy mutual funds
• To entertain the audience with a poem
Analyzing the Speaking Situation
• Speaking situation includes speaking occasion and audience.
• The speaking occasion
– What is the nature and intent of occasion?
– Will it be formal occasion or informal?
– Is your speech is expected to be informative, persuasive, or
entertaining?
– Time limits?
– Is there a Q & A session afterwards?
– How many guests will be there?
– What kind of dressing will be appropriate?
– Size of the audience?
Analyzing the Speaking Situation
• The Audience
– Four areas of audience to explore
– Audience interest, attitude, knowledge and demographics
• Interest
– Will they be interested in the topic or bored?
• Attitude
– What is the attitude of the audience about the topic (positive, negative or neutral)
• Knowledge
– How much audience know about the topic?
– Appropriate level of understanding
– Use simple language
• Demographics
– Gender, age, economic status, cultural background, ethnic and racial background of the
audience,
 Researching your Speech
• Gather information to include in your talk
– Sources of information
• Personal knowledge and experience, library resources,
internet, interviews.
– Supporting material
• Definitions, examples, stories, comparisons, statistics
expert opinions
– Recording your information
• Plagirism
 Sources of Information
• Personal knowledge and experience
– Lectures, books magazine, personal insights and learning
experiences
• Library Resources
– College, universities and public libraries
– Provide accessibility to journals
– Library catalogs, The Readers guide to periodical literature,
newspapers
 Sources of Information
• Internet
– Fast and easy access, misleading information
– Copyrighted books may not be available
– To evaluate information from the internet
• Is the author from the field is qualified in the field?
• What are the credentials, organization information of the author
• Is the information consistent with your library research
• Is information up to date?
• Is information objective, cited? Are the conclusions based on facts or
personal opinions?
• Interviews
– Adds credibility and provides rich sensory experience to
gathering information
 Supporting Material
• Material that adds value and supports your research topic.
• Definitions
– Define your topic clearly so no ambiguity remains there.
• Examples
– Illustrations that back up a point you are attempting to make
– Develops interest and clarify points of your speech for audience.
• Expert Opinions
– Citation or testimony from authority
– Adds authority and credibility and emphasizes on the importance of the issue.
– Expert opinions can be more effective if
• Cite the source
• Use sources that have credibility with the audience
• Keep your quotations brief – 20 words or fewer
• Restate the quotation in your own words if the information is too technical for the audience.
 Supporting Material
• Stories
– Detailed account of an incident that illustrates a point.
– Stories are remembered, whereas statistics, testimonies are forgotten
– Stories can be factual or hypothetical.
• Comparisons
– How one object is similar or different to another.
– Connect something new to familiar object
• Statistics
– Numerical facts to make a point
– When using statistics make sure
• Take evidence from reliable source
• Cite the author source
• Limit your source to two points
• Round off statistics 247.6654 to 250
• Use visual aid
 Recording your Information
• Plagiarism
– Presenting other person’s ideas or words as your
own
– Give your source proper citation
– Unethical and form of stealing
– Any information that is not general knowledge
should be cited
– Expert opinions, testimonies, statistics, facts, study
findings all should be always cited.
 Recording your Information
• Record all useful information using various mediums
– Writing on the page, recording, index cards
– Helps in constructing main points of speech when outlining
your talk.
 Organizing your Speech
• “ First tell them what you are going to tell
them, then tell them, and finally tell them what
you told them”
• Effective speech has three parts
– An introduction
– A Body
– A Conclusion
 The Body
• It constitutes 70 – 80% of your total speech
time.
• You should have only 3 – 4 main points to
focus
• You can structure your speech body content in
number of ways
– Topical order
– Chronological order
– Spatial order
 The Body
• Topical order
– The main point structure is up to your discretion.
– You can go from specific to general, most
important to least important or any order you feel
effective.
– Examples
• Specific Purpose: to explain three aspects of bullying
• 1. Bullying effects people from all walks in life
• 2. Bullying effects children
• 3. Bullying effects community.
 The Body
• Chronological order
– Arrange points in speech in chronological or time order.
– Helps analyze the information in sequential manner
– Examples
• Specific Purpose; To describe steps to overcome Bullying
• 1. The bullied person should seek help
• 2. the bullied person gains confidence
• 3. the bullied person takes stand towards this practice.
 The Body
• Spatial Order
– Arranging according to physical or geographical
sequence
– Helps audience in visualizing the speech content
– Examples
• Specific Purpose: To describe the three largest sections
of the society being Bullied
• 1. the first section is los Angeles area
• 2. the second section is San Diego area
• 3. The third section is San Fransisco Bay area.
 Developing Main Points of your
Speech
• Develop each point equally, evenly distribute your supporting
material so that every point gets approximately the same
development.
• Use at least one piece of evidence to support each of your
points
• Include at least one ell developed story in body of your speech
• Provide variety of supporting material.
• Transition within the body
– First point… second point…third point ….( numbered transitions)
 The Introduction
• Attention getter and preview of the main points
• 10 to 15% of the total speech time
• Few Attention getters are as follows
– Audience question “ Have you ever been bullied?”
– Hypothetical Situation “imagine yourself being a subject of bullying behavior
by your supervisor”
– Quotation “ In her Article….”
– Statistics “ According to recent New York Times article 6 out of 10 employees
are subjected to bullying practices”
– Story
• Review main points
– “ in my speech I will define bullying and discuss its causes and suggest
solutions”
 The Conclusion
• “ tell them what you have told them "and A final thought
• 10- 15% of the total speech time
• “ today, I have defined homelessness, discussed its points …”
• Present final thoughts using one of the following devices
– Appeal: “ I ask you to remember about all the bullied individuals in
the organization …..”
– Call to Action: “ I want each one of you to sign up for anti bullying
campaign….”
– Vision for the Future: “ I can see organizations where there is no
bullying practices…”
– Return to attention: “like the young women in my opening story, I hope
you will donate your time towards eradicating bullying practices in
organizations”
Create your Speech
Outline
Word document
 Delivery methods
• Manuscript delivery
• Memorized delivery
• Impromptu delivery
• Extemporaneous delivery
 Manuscript delivery
• Reading speech from manuscript word by word
• Advantages
– Content of the speech is guaranteed
• Disadvantages
– Speech sounds read not delivered
– Eye contact is limited
– Cannot modify content of speech according to feedback
• Examples
– president speech, scientific report, press conference
announcement
 Memorized Delivery
• Memorize speech word by word and recite speech without
help of notes or manuscript
• Advantages
– Greater eye contact
– Body movement and gestures are spontaneous
• Disadvantages
– Write the entire speech like a term paper
– Memorize word to word
– More time taking
– If you forget one word there is risk of panicking
• Examples
– Actors, tour guides, occasional professors
 Impromptu Delivery
• Speech without any previous preparation or
practice
• Appropriate for
– business meetings
– Answering questions in an interview
 Extemporaneous Delivery
• Prepared practiced ahead of time, but whose exact
wording is not determined until you deliver the
speech
• Advantages
– Organized and you know what to be covered
– Effective method for successful speeches
– Flexibility and creativity in answering audience questions
– You memorize introduction and conclusion to gain
confidence of the audience
– Can practice speech ahead of time
 S.P.E.A.K Technique
• See yourself as others do
• Prepare to learn about yourself
• Experience reduces stress
• Audience is your friend
• Keep the speech in perspective
Methods of Speech
Delivery
Video
Body Language and
Speech Delivery
Video
In a nutshell

Tedtalk Video
 Assignment
Prepare practice and Prepare practice and
deliver a 10 minute deliver a 10 minute
persuasive speech entitled informative speech on “the
“ four reasons why you mystery of Bermuda
should…” select a Triangle”. your speech
persuasive topic you should include an
strongly believe in. your introduction, a body with
speech should include an 4 main points and a
introduction, a body with conclusion
4 main points and a
conclusion