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Metrology Lecture 01

1. Metrology is the study of measurement and involves comparing quantities to standards. There are two types of measurement systems - the U.S. customary and SI (metric) systems. 2. Errors in measurement can be avoidable or unavoidable. Avoidable errors include things like misalignment while unavoidable errors relate to limitations of the instrument. 3. Key measurement terms include sensitivity, readability, accuracy, precision, calibration, interchangeability, and correction. Accuracy reflects how close measurements are to the true value, while precision looks at the reproducibility of measurements.

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Getachew G/Amlak
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12 views

Metrology Lecture 01

1. Metrology is the study of measurement and involves comparing quantities to standards. There are two types of measurement systems - the U.S. customary and SI (metric) systems. 2. Errors in measurement can be avoidable or unavoidable. Avoidable errors include things like misalignment while unavoidable errors relate to limitations of the instrument. 3. Key measurement terms include sensitivity, readability, accuracy, precision, calibration, interchangeability, and correction. Accuracy reflects how close measurements are to the true value, while precision looks at the reproducibility of measurements.

Uploaded by

Getachew G/Amlak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Metrology

and
Quality
Control
Chapter one
Basics of measurement principles

 Lesson outline:
 Introduction ;
Systems and Errors of measurements;
Performance terms and Methods of
measurement
1. Basics of measurement principles
1.1 Introduction :
 Metrology is the scientific study of measurement.
 Measurement is
 a comparison of a given quantity with one of its
predetermined standard values chosen as a unit
or
 the process of determining or finding the size,
quantity or degree of something .
 There are two important requirements of
the measurement:

1. The standards used for comparison must


accurate and internationally accepted

2. The apparatus or instrument and the


process used for information must be
provable.
 Need for measurement:
 To ensure that the part to be measured
conforms to the established standard.
 To meet the interchangeability of manufacture

 To provide customer satisfaction by ensuring


that no faulty product reaches the customers.
 To coordinate the functions of quality control,
production, procurement & other departments
of the organization.
 To judge the possibility of making some of the
 Two systems of units have evolved into
predominance in the world:
1. U.S. customary system (U.S.C.S.)
2. SI (for Systeme Internationale d'Unites) -
the “metric system”
Basic SI units :
1) Length : Meter (m) 4) Current : Ampere (A)
2) Mass: Kilogram (kg) 5) Temperature: Kelvin (s)
3) Time : Second (s)
Supplementary SI units:
1. Plane angle: Radian (rad)
1. Basics of measurement principles
 Errors of measurements
The term error in a measurement is defined as:
Error = Instrument reading – true reading.
1.2 Types of Error
(Avoidable error)
 Errors of measurements
 The term error in a measurement is defined
as:

Error = Instrument reading – true reading

 Uncertainty is used to characterize the


inaccuracy of a measurement result.
 Error is used to characterize the
components of the uncertainty.
• (Avoidable
error)
A B

D M

D
C

Fig. 1.1 Cosine error due to misalignment of measuring instrument


Errors due to ambient conditions
Errors which cannot be Eliminated
(unavoidable Errors):
.
Example of Gauging large bore
C
B

D=L+ L

A
Example:

Determine the error in the measurement of D (diameter of


the bore) shown in the fig.
1.3 Performance terms in measurements
 Sensitivity: Sensitivity of the instrument is
defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the
output signal to the magnitude of the input
signal.
 It denotes the smallest change in the
measured variable to which the instruments
responds.
 Sensitivity has no unique unit.
 It has wide range of the units which
dependent up on the instrument or
measuring system.
 Readability: Readability is a word which is
frequently used in the analog measurement.
 The readability is depends on both the
instruments and observer.
 Readability is defined as the closeness
with which the scale of an analog
instrument can be read.
 For getting better readability the
instrument scale should be as high as
possible.
• Accuracy: Accuracy may be defined as the ability
of instruments to respond to a true value of a
measured variable under the reference conditions. It
refers to how closely the measured value agrees
with the true value.
• Precision: Precision is defined as the degrees of
exactness for which an instrument is designed or
intended to perform. It refers to repeatability or
consistency of measurement when the
instruments are carried out under identical
conditions at a short interval of time. It can also
defined as the ability of the instruments to reproduce
a group of the instruments as the same measured
quantity under the same conditions.
 Calibration: Calibration is the process of determining
and adjusting an instruments accuracy to make sure its
accuracy is with in manufacturing specifications.
 Interchangeability: A part which can be substituted for
the component manufactured to the small shape and
dimensions is known a interchangeable part. The operation
of substituting the part for similar manufactured components
of the shape and dimensions is known as interchangeability.
 Standard: It is the physical embodiment of a unit. For
every kind of quantity to be measured, there should be a unit
to express the result of the measurement & a standard to
enable the measurement.
 Correction: Correction is defined as a value which is
added algebraically to the uncorrected result of the
measurement to compensate to an assumed systematic error.
etc.
1. Basics of measurement principles
Precision Precision vs. Accuracy

Accuracy
24
Precision(Reliability) and Accuracy(validity)
of measurement
Reliability Validity
(Precision) (Accuracy)
The degree to which a The degree to which a
Definition variable has nearly the variable actually
same value when represents what it is
measured several times. supposed to represent.
Comparison with a
Best way to Comparison among reference standard.
assess repeated measures.
Value to Increase power Increase validity
study to detect effects. of conclusions.
Threatened Random error Systematic error
(variance) (Bias)
by contributed
The observer The observer
by: :
The subject The subject
25
The instrument The instrument
1. Basics of measurement principles
Illustration of the difference between Precision and Accuracy
1. Basics of measurement principles
Illustration of the difference between Precision and Accuracy

Frequency

A
C
A- Valid and reliable
Unreliable B- Valid but not reliable
C- Not valid but reliable
Invalid D- Not valid and not
reliable

B D
Measurement
True value
27
1. Basics of measurement principles
1.4 Methods of measurement
Four methods of measurement:
1. Line measurement.
 Line to line
 Edge to edge
-by using steel rule

Two faces using a steel rule


and 28
Two scribed lines Two faces using a hook rule a tool bit as an abutment
1. Basics of measurement principles
2. End measurement
 Surface to surface measurement
 By using –slip gages
-rollers, etc
3. Direct measurement
 with out the assistance of any other measuring instrument
 Vernier caliper
 Steel rule
 Micrometer
 Gage blocks
 DTI , etc

29
1. Basics of measurement principles
4. Comparison measurement
• Measuring by comparison
• Mostly meant for measuring a high quantity of products
 Inside &out side caliper
 Telescopic gages
 Comparators
 DTI, etc

30
The End

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