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6502 Microprocessors

The 6502 microprocessor has an 8-bit architecture and follows a memory oriented design. It has an accumulator (A) that handles arithmetic and logic, as well as X, Y, S, and P registers. The stack pointer (S) grows down from $01FF, allowing up to 128 nested subroutines. There are 56 instructions that use addressing modes to specify operands. Instructions include load/store, arithmetic, logic, jump/branch, and stack operations.

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97 views14 pages

6502 Microprocessors

The 6502 microprocessor has an 8-bit architecture and follows a memory oriented design. It has an accumulator (A) that handles arithmetic and logic, as well as X, Y, S, and P registers. The stack pointer (S) grows down from $01FF, allowing up to 128 nested subroutines. There are 56 instructions that use addressing modes to specify operands. Instructions include load/store, arithmetic, logic, jump/branch, and stack operations.

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mundzirfauzan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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6502 Microprocessor

Assembly Language
Arsitektur dan Organisasi Komputer
Sekolah Tinggi Intelijen Negara
6502 microprocessors
Why 6502
• 6502 assembly has fewer instructions than modern assembly
• The instructions on the 6502 are varied and compared to other
processors at the time offer a lot of options
• The 6502 was incredibly popular
The 6502 Architecture
• The 6502 is an 8-bit microprocessor that follows the
memory oriented design philosophy of the Motorola
6800
• The 6502 handles data in its registers, each of which
holds one byte (8-bits) of data
• 6502 registers:
• accumulator (A) - Handles all arithmetic and logic. The real
heart of the system
• X and Y - General purpose registers with limited abilities.
• S - Stack pointer.
• P - Processor status. Holds the result of tests and flags
Stack Pointer

• When the microprocessor executes a JSR (Jump to SubRoutine)


instruction it needs to know where to return when finished
• The 6502 keeps this information in low memory from $0100 to $01FF
and uses the stack pointer as an offset
• The stack grows down from $01FF and makes it possible to nest
subroutines up to 128 levels deep
Processor Status flag, 0/1 = reset/set
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

N = NEGATIVE. Set if bit 7 of the accumulator is set.

V = OVERFLOW. Set if the addition of two like-signed numbers or the


subtraction of two unlike-signed numbers produces a result
greater than +127 or less than -128.

B = BRK COMMAND. Set if an interrupt caused by a BRK, reset if


caused by an external interrupt.

D = DECIMAL MODE. Set if decimal mode active.

I = IRQ DISABLE. Set if maskable interrupts are disabled.

Z = ZERO. Set if the result of the last operation (load/inc/dec/


add/sub) was zero.

C = CARRY. Set if the add produced a carry, or if the subtraction


produced a borrow. Also holds bits after a logical shift.
Accumulator
• The majority of the 6502's business makes use of the
accumulator.
• All addition and subtraction is done in the accumulator
• It also handles the majority of the logical comparisons (is A >
B ?) and logical bit shifts
X and Y

• These are index registers often used to hold offsets to


memory locations
• They can also be used for holding needed values
• Much of their use lies in supporting some of the addressing
modes
Addressing Mode
The 6502 Instruction Set
• There are 56 instructions in the 6502, and more in the 65C02
• Many instructions make use of more than one addressing mode and
each instruction/addressing mode combination has a particular
hexadecimal opcode that specifies it exactly
• Some 6502 instructions make use of bitwise logic. This includes AND,
OR, and EOR (Exclusive-OR)
• Other 6502 instructions shift bits to the right or the left or rotate them right
or left
• Note that shifting to the left by one bit is the same as multiplying by 2 and
that shifting right by one bit is the same as dividing by 2
• The 6502 instructions fall naturally into 10 groups with two odd-ball
instructions NOP and BRK:
• Load and Store Instructions
• Arithmetic Instructions
• Increment and Decrement Instructions
• Logical Instructions
• Jump, Branch, Compare and Test Bits Instructions
• Shift and Rotate Instructions
• Transfer Instructions
• Stack Instructions
• Subroutine Instructions
• Set/Reset Instructions
• NOP/BRK Instructions

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