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Concept of Project Management

A project is defined as a temporary endeavor with a clearly defined start and end, undertaken to create a unique product, service or result. It involves a collection of linked activities carried out in an organized manner. Key characteristics of projects include being temporary, having definite objectives and scope, and defined time and resource constraints. Common project processes include initiation, planning, execution, control, and closing.

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Priyanka Roy Chowdhury
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38 views

Concept of Project Management

A project is defined as a temporary endeavor with a clearly defined start and end, undertaken to create a unique product, service or result. It involves a collection of linked activities carried out in an organized manner. Key characteristics of projects include being temporary, having definite objectives and scope, and defined time and resource constraints. Common project processes include initiation, planning, execution, control, and closing.

Uploaded by

Priyanka Roy Chowdhury
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Concept of Project

Management
• A project is defined as a “temporary endeavor with a beginning and
an end and it must be used to create a unique product, service or
result”.
• Dr. J. M. Juran, the quality guru, also defines a project as a problem
scheduled for solution
What is a Project
• A collection of linked activities, carried out in an organized manner,
with a clearly defined START POINT and END POINT to achieve some
specific results desired to satisfy the needs of the organization at the
current time
What is a project

• Defined start and end, specific scope, cost and duration


• A series of activities aimed at bringing about clearly specified
objectives within a defined time period and with a defined budget.
• PM Triple Constraints
• Time
• Cost
• Scope
• Manage these or they will manage you!
• Project Scope
• How much work is to be done? Increasing the scope causes more work to be
done, and vice versa.
• Time
• The schedule of the project. Modifying the schedule alters the start and end
dates for tasks in the project and can alter the project’s overall end date.
• Cost
• The cost required to accomplish the project’s objectives. Modifying the cost
of the project generally has an impact on the scope, time, or quality of the
project.
Characteristics of a Project

• Temporary: Projects are temporary in nature. Every project has a beginning


and end. The word ‘temporary’ here may refer to an hour, a day or a year.
Operational work is an ongoing effort which is executed to sustain the
business. But projects are not ongoing efforts. A project is considered to end
when the project’s objectives have been achieved or the project is completed
or discontinued. Only projects are temporary in characteristic and not the
project’s outcomes. It will not generally be applied to the product, service or
result created by the project.
• Projects also may often have intended and unintended social, economic and
environmental impacts that long last. Eg. Building Eiffel Tower was a project.
The structure was built between 1887 and 1889. Project Eiffel Tower ended
on 1889. But still the outcome of the project exists as a monument.
• Definite Beginning and Completion: Project is said to be completed
when the project’s objectives have been achieved. When it is clear
that the project objectives will not or cannot be met the need for the
project no longer exists and the project is terminated.
• Thus, projects are not ongoing efforts. Thus, every project has a
definite beginning and end.
• Definite Objective/Scope : All the projects have their own defined
scopes/objectives for which they are carried out. Every Project is
undertaken to create a unique product, service, or result. Eg.
Hundreds of house buildings may have been built by a builder, but
each individual building is unique in itself like they have different
owner, different design, different structure, different location,
different sub-contractors, and so on.
• Thus, each house building is to be considered as a Project and each
Project produces unique outcome
• Defined Time and Resources: As the projects have definite beginning
and end, they are to be carried out within the time and resources
constraints. Each project will have defined time and resources for its
execution.
• Multiple Talents: As projects involve many interrelated tasks done by
many specialists, the involvement of people from several
departments is very much essential.
• Thus, the use of multiple talents from various departments
(sometimes from different organizations and across multiple
geographies) becomes the key for successful project management.
For example, take the construction of house building; the expertise of
many professionals and
Basic Elements of Project
• Operations
• Operations are the activities or jobs which must be performed to meet the
project objectives. These activities should be identified and arranged in a logical
sequence. After determining the job sequence, the method of performing each
operation must be determined in advance. The method, in turn, predetermines
the time and cost required to perform each activity.
• Resources
• The second of the project elements, resource can be classified under manpower,
money, methods, material, machines and time. Time and cost estimates are
associated with the method of performance, where the cost estimate relates
resource expenditure to a common measure of cost in money alone and the time
estimate defines the expected duration of the resource use.
• Conditions or Restraints
• The third project element refers to externally imposed conditions or
restraints, like supply of materials, machines, etc. The delivery system
should be planned carefully in co-ordination with the activities to be
undertaken.
• The two basic activities which normally get completed before
undertaking the installation of equipment in any project are: (a) land
acquisition, and (b) infrastructural development.
Classification of Projects

• 1) Based on Ownership
• a) Public Projects: These are the projects which are done by public
projects. E.g. Construction of Roads & Bridges, Adult Education
Programmes, etc. b) Private Projects: These are the projects which
are undertaken by private enterprises. Eg. Any business related
projects such as a construction of houses by real estate builders,
software development, etc. c) Public Private Partnerships: These
projects which are undertaken by both government and private
enterprises together.
• E.g., Generation of Electricity by Windmill, Garbage Collection, etc.
• Based on Investment
• a) Large Scale Project: These projects involve a huge outlay or
investments, say, crores. Eg. Real Estate Projects, Road Construction
of manufacturing facilities, Satellite sending projects of ISRO, Unique
Identification Number project of India, etc. b) Medium Scale Project:
These projects involve medium level investment and are technology
oriented. Example: Computer industry and electronic industry. c)
Small Scale Project: These projects involve only a lesser investments.
E.g., agricultural projects, manufacturing projects
• Based on Research in Academia
• a) Major Projects: In academia, the major projects are those projects
which involve more than one year to 3 or 5 years and minimum
funding of ` 3 lakhs in case of social sciences and ` 5 lakh in case of
sciences. b) Minor Projects: The minor projects in academia are those
projects which will be completed within a year and have a maximum
funding of ` 1 lakh in social science and ` 3 lakh in case of sciences.
• Based on Objective
• a) Commercial Projects: These projects are undertaken for
commercial purpose and return on investment is expected out these
projects. For example, Toll roads, Hotels and shopping complexes,
Product Launching project. b) Social Projects: These projects are
undertaken for social purposes and welfare of the people is the aim of
these projects. These projects are undertaken either by the
Government or Service oriented Non Governmental Organizations.
For example, Polio immunization Project, Child Welfare Projects, Adult
Literacy Projects, etc.
• Based on Nature
• Conventional Projects: These projects are traditional projects which do not apply any
innovative ideas or technology or method. For example, conventional irrigational projects,
handicraft projects, etc.
• Innovative Projects: These projects involve the use of technology, high R&D, development
of new products and services. These innovative projects can be further classified into
• Technology: Depending on the level of technological uncertainty at the time of initiation
of projects, the projects can be classified into: Low-Tech projects which relay on the
existing and well established base technologies; Medium-Tech projects which rest mainly
on existing base technologies but incorporate some new technology or feature; High- Tech
projects in which most of the technologies employed are new, but existent, having been
developed prior to the project’s initiation; and Super High Tech projects which are based
primarily on new, not entirely existent technologies.
• Based on Research: Based on the type of research, projects can be
classified into: Exploratory research projects which may generate
novel idea in the domain of knowledge; constructive research
projects which are mainly done by many technological corporate to
find new or alternative solutions to any particular crisis or problems,
eg., renewable energy research or development of the capacity of
optical fiber; and Empirical research projects are very impressive
observational type of research in which testing on real life data or
analysis of pattern of some specific events in order to identify the
nature or the class of trend that specific phenomenon maintains.
Common Project Processes

• Initiation
• Defines the project objectives and grants authority to the project manager.
• Planning
• Refines the project objectives and scope and plans the steps necessary to meet the project’s
objectives.
• Executing
• Puts the project plan into motion and performs the work of the project.
• Controlling
• Measures the performance of the executing activities and compares the results with the project
plan.
• Closing
• Documents the formal acceptance of the project’s product and brings all aspects of the project to
a close.

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