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Overview of Metabolism Unilus

This document provides an overview and objectives for a session on metabolism, bioenergetics, and thermodynamics. It will cover: (1) defining catabolism and anabolism and metabolic pathways; (2) sources of energy and chemical energy in the body; (3) regulation of metabolic pathways; and (4) concepts in thermodynamics including entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy. The session will also explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics and relationships between Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Key metabolic concepts like exergonic/endogenic reactions and ATP formation will also be covered.

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22 views

Overview of Metabolism Unilus

This document provides an overview and objectives for a session on metabolism, bioenergetics, and thermodynamics. It will cover: (1) defining catabolism and anabolism and metabolic pathways; (2) sources of energy and chemical energy in the body; (3) regulation of metabolic pathways; and (4) concepts in thermodynamics including entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy. The session will also explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics and relationships between Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Key metabolic concepts like exergonic/endogenic reactions and ATP formation will also be covered.

Uploaded by

sizwe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OVERVIEW OF METABOLISM,

BIOENEGETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS


UNILUS
MBPS
SESSION OBJECTIVES: By the end of this session, the
student should be able to:
1. Define catabolism and anabolism and list type of
metabolic pathways.
2.Explain production, utilization and forms of chemical
energy and list the sources of energy in the human
body.
3. Explain the interrelationships of metabolic pathways and
the importance and types of regulation of metabolic
pathways.
4.Define bioenergetics and thermodynamics and other
terminologies commonly used in Thermodynamics such as
Enthalpy, Entropy, Gibbs Free Energy.
SESSION OBJECTIVES: By the end of this session,
the student should be able to:
5. Explain the 1st and the 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics.
6.Describe the relationship between Gibbs Free Energy
change with Enthalpy change and Entropy change, and
relationship between Equilibrium constant and
Gibbs Free Energy change.
7. Define Exergonic and Endogenic reactions and
explain how they apply to reactions in metabolic
pathways.
8.Explain the concept of High Energy Compound and
formation of ATP and phosphoryl group transfer
PART ONE

OVERVIEW OF METABOLISM
What is Biochemisty?
BIOCHEMISTRY is the study of Chemical
reactions in living organisms.
In the study of medicine,
we offer medical biochemistry to students who
have knowledge of the following:
organic chemistry
physical chemistry
Cell Biology.
Pre- requisite topics that you are expected to have covered

• Cell structure and function( prokaryocytes and


Eukaryocytes)
• Chemistry, of water and its fundamental role in
biochemistry
• Structure and classification of Amino acids &
Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleotides &
nucleic acids.
• Protein conformation and function: globular
proteins- enzyme catalysis and kinetics.
• Structure and properties of biological membranes.
Enzyme Catalysis
• There are 2 fundamental conditions for life:
– to self replication and
– to catalyse chemical reactions efficiently and
selectively.

There is need to revise enzymes. Most enzymes are


proteins( there is small group of RNA that catalyse
reactions).
Coenzymes and cofactors.
Enzyme Classification
• Oxidoreductases
• Transferases
• Hydrolyases
• Lyases
• Isomerases
• Ligases
Each enzyme has an Enzyme Commission(EC)
name and number and a trivial name.
Metabolism
Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur in a living
organism .
There are two components: Anabolism and Catabolism.

The chemical reactions are enzyme catalyzed occur in the cell and are
part of a metabolic pathway.

There are many many metabolic pathways that take place in the cell.
The metabolic reactions are inter-related.

And because of this, regulation of cellular metabolism is paramount or


else there could be chaos which could lead to death of the cells.
CATABOLISM
Catabolic reactions result in the breakdown of large molecules
to smaller molecules with production of energy.

And often require the use of oxygen and production of


carbon dioxide and water

The energy produced is used to perform cellular functions


that are necessary to maintain life such as:

Nerve impulse,
Muscle contraction,
Thermogenesis, reproduction.
CATABOLISM-contn.
• Catabolic reactions become very active when
there is less energy in the body or during
stress. Flight or Fight phenomenon.
• Energy is produced from carbohydrate and
fats and proteins:- Primary source-
Carbohydrates- provide 45-55% of energy
requirements per day. Secondary source- Fats
–provide 25-35%. Proteins provide 15-20%.
Anabolism
• Anabolism is where complex molecules are synthesized
from simple compounds and energy is utilized.

• Anabolic reactions are normally activated when


precursor molecules are abundant.

• For example, glycogen synthesis from glucose takes


place after a meal . There is plenty of glucose in the
blood stream – during time of plenty called the Fed
state.
ATP

ENERGY
PRODUCTION
ENERGY UTILIZATION
Carbohydrates, Biosynthesis of macro
lipids & proteins molecules, Muscle
Catabolism contraction, active ion
transport, thermogenesis

ADP+ Pi
Relationship between energy production and utilization
Catabolism and Anabolism
Catabolic reactions are convergent.
Many different macromolecules are broken
down to Carbon dioxide and water to produce
energy.

Anabolic reactions are divergent


Same type of simple molecules are used to
produce a diverse of macromolecules.
CARBOHYDRATE PROTEIN FAT

SIMPLE SUGARS FATTY ACIDS


(MAINLY AMINO + GLYCEROL
GLUCOSE) ACIDS

ACETYL-CoA

CITRIC
ACIDS 2H ATP
CYCLE

2CO2
Choice of Utilization of Energy Source
• It based on several factors:
1. Type of tissue( look at structure and
function)
Examples: Mature RBC and Skeletal muscle

2. dietary state(fed state or fasting state)


Types of metabolic pathways
• Linear:- straight chain
• Cyclic:- there is regeneration of the starting
metabolite of the pathy way.
• Spiral:- same set of enzymes are used
repeatedly for chain degradation or
elongation.
Types of Enzyme Regulation
• Allosteric
• Product inhibition and end product inhibition
• Covalent modification
Forms of metabolic energy
• ATP- the cellular energy
currency
NITROGEN BASE.
Adenine – ATP cellular energy currency
Guanine- GTP other form of energy(gluconeogenesis)
Uracil- UTP other form of energy(glycogen metabolism)
Cytosine- CTP other form of energy(Lipid synthesis)

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