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Variables

This document discusses different types of variables used in research. It describes nominal variables which categorize data but cannot be ordered, ordinal variables which rank data but differences between ranks are unknown, interval variables which provide both ordering and equal intervals between values, and ratio variables which have a true zero point allowing all arithmetic operations. Measurement scales are either categorical (nominal, ordinal) or quantitative (interval, ratio) depending on the properties and analysis possible with the variable type.

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Xmanta Nicole Essel
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25 views

Variables

This document discusses different types of variables used in research. It describes nominal variables which categorize data but cannot be ordered, ordinal variables which rank data but differences between ranks are unknown, interval variables which provide both ordering and equal intervals between values, and ratio variables which have a true zero point allowing all arithmetic operations. Measurement scales are either categorical (nominal, ordinal) or quantitative (interval, ratio) depending on the properties and analysis possible with the variable type.

Uploaded by

Xmanta Nicole Essel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF

VARIABLES
The Nature of Variables and Data
VARIABLES
• Is the heart or central concept in research
• It is primarily measurable characteristic that
changes in value.
• is anything that has a quantity or quality that
varies.
VARIABLES
• It maybe different from characteristic to
another characteristic, one group to another
group, one person to another person or even
with the same person over time.
• Can be anything that may assume different
numerical or categorical values.
MEASUREMENT SCALES
Ratio variables Numerical
Interval variables Quantitative
Ordinal variables Categorical
Nominal variables (Qualitative)
MEASUREMENT SCALES
Nominal variables
-represents categories that cannot be ordered in a
particular way. It is only a matter of distinguishing by name.
Characteristics:
• The responses to a nominal variable can be Example :
divided into two or more categories. Gender
• A nominal variable is qualitative, which means -Male
numbers are used here only to categorize or
identify objects.
-Female
MEASUREMENT SCALES
Nominal variables
-represents categories that cannot be ordered in a
particular way. It is only a matter of distinguishing by name.
Characteristics:
• They can also take quantitative values. However, Example :
these quantitative values do not have numeric Blood type
properties. That is, arithmetic operations cannot Hair color
be performed on them
MEASUREMENT SCALES
Ordinal variables
-involves data that arranged in some order, but differences
between data. It has wo or more categories which can be ranked.
Characteristics:
• It has an extension of nominal data. Example :
• It has no standardized interval scale.
• It established a relative rank. Champion
• It measures qualitative traits. First runner up
• The median and mode can be analyzed. Second runner up
• It has a rank or order.
MEASUREMENT SCALES
Ordinal variables
Likert scale: it used by the researchers to prepare
questionnaires and get people’s opinion.
*Program objectives were attained.
 strongly agree
 agree
 disagree
 strongly disagree
MEASUREMENT SCALES
Interval variables
-it provides information about order and provides an interval. It
also determine meaningful amounts of differences between the
data.
Characteristics: Example :
• It is one of the two types of quantitative 30
variables. It takes numeric values and may 20
be classified as a continuous variable type. 10
0
MEASUREMENT SCALES
Interval variables
-it provides information about order and provides an interval. It also
determine meaningful amounts of differences between the data.
Characteristics:
• The interval variable is an extension of the ordinal variable. In
other words, we could say interval variables are built upon Example :
ordinary variables. 30
• The intervals on the scale are equal in an interval variable. The
20
scale is equidistant.
• The zero point does not suggest the absence of a 10
property being measured. 0
MEASUREMENT SCALES
Interval variables
Other Example :
Performance level of the students
IQ test
Time
Test score
Grade point average
MEASUREMENT SCALES
Ratio variables
-have the properties of interval variable and has a clear definition
of zero, indication that there is none of that variable and allows all
arithmetic operations.
Characteristics:
• The zero point in this Examples are age, height,
scale indicates the weight, and distance.
absence of the quantity
being measured.

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