BASIC ELECTRONICS

MEAC 102
Engr. Marissa Aquino Comiting
Course Outline (Midterms)
A. Introduction and Review to Electronic Circuits
• Definition, History and Application of Electronics
• Common Electronic Components

B. Solid State Fundamentals

• Insulators
• Conductors
• semiconductor

C. Semiconductor PN Junction Diode

• Construction and Operation, characteristic Curve
• Diode Equivalent Model
• Diode Circuit Analysis
• Light Emitting Diode
A1.1
Electronics
-A field of science and engineering, which deals with the motion of
electrons under the influence of applied and/or magnetic field.
-Study of devices that can control the flow of electricity.
Application
-Branch of physics and electrical engineering that deals with the
emission, behaviour, and effects of electrons and with electronic devices.

Electronic Devices
Are components for controlling the flow of electrical currents for
the purpose of information processing and system control. Prominent
examples include transistors and diodes. Electronic devices are usually
small and can be grouped together into packages called integrated circuits
Applications of Electronics
1. Consumer Electronics
2. Industrial Electronics
3. Medical applications
4. Meteorological and Oceanographic
5. Defense and Aerospace
6. Automotive (Automobiles)
A1.2 Common Electronic Components
 Electronic Component is basic fundamental building block of any
electronic system precisely used to affect electrons and their
associated fields.
 Each component may have one or more basic properties and it
behaves accordingly.
Two general categories of Electronic Component
1. Active Component 2. Passive Component
• Supplies energy to a circuit • Electronic component which can
only receive energy, which it can
Examples: battery, power supply,
dissipate, absorb or store in an
solar panels electric field or a magnetic field.
• Depends on a source of energy • Passive elements do not need any
• It can control the flow of current form of electrical power to
and can amplify electrical signal operate
• Needs external source to do • Passive elements cannot amplify,
their operation oscillate, or generate electrical
signal.
Examples: transistors, diodes,
integrated circuts. Examples: resistor, capacitor,
inductor
 Active Components
• TRANSISTORS
A transistor is a three-terminal electronic device that amplifies or
switches electronic signals.
DIODE
A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-
way switch for current. It allows current to flow easily in one
direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite
direction.
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Integrated circuits are made up of several components such as
R, C, L, diodes and transistors. They are built on a small single block
or chip of a semiconductor known as an integrated circuit (IC). All of
them work together to perform a particular task.
 Passive Components
RESISTOR
 Resistors, as their name indicates resist the flow of electricity, and this
function is key to the operation most circuits.
 Resistance is the property of materials to resist the flow of electricity.
 The resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).
 Types of Resistor
1. Fixed Resistor
Fixed value resistors have a defined ohmic resistance and
are not adjustable. Fixed resistors are the most commonly used
resistors and in general one of the most used electronic
components.
2. Variable Resistor
 This type of resistor has the ability to vary its resistance
between two set values (with the lower usually being 0 ohms).
 It varies its resistance mechanically by twisting a knob, or
moving a slider.
 RESISTOR COLOR CODING
• uses colored bands to quickly identify a resistors resistive
value and its percentage of tolerance with the physical
size of the resistor indicating its wattage rating.
Number of 3 Coloured Bands 4 Coloured Bands 5 Coloured Bands 6 Coloured Bands
Coloured Bands (E6 Series) (E12 Series) (E48 Series) (E96 Series)

1st Band 1st Digit 1st Digit 1st Digit 1st Digit
2nd Band 2nd Digit 2nd Digit 2nd Digit 2nd Digit
3rd Band Multiplier Multiplier 3rd Digit 3rd Digit
4th Band – Tolerance Multiplier Multiplier
5th Band – – Tolerance Tolerance

6th Band – – – Temperature

Coefficient
4 BAND RESISTOR
Colour Digit Multiplier Tolerance

Black 0 1
Brown 1 10 ± 1%
Red 2 100 ± 2%
Orange 3 1,000
Yellow 4 10,000
Green 5 100,000 ± 0.5%

Blue 6 1,000,000 ± 0.25%

Violet 7 10,000,000 ± 0.1%

Grey 8 ± 0.05%
White 9
Gold 0.1 ± 5%
Silver 0.01 ± 10%
None ± 20%
 EXAMPLE
1. If the colors of a four band resistor is in this order:
brown, green, red, gold. Compute the values of its
a. Resistance
b. Tolerance
 5 BAND RESISTOR

If the colors on a resistor band is in the order: brown,

green, red, blue and violet. Calculate the values of its:
a. Resistance
b. Tolerance
CAPACITOR
A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy in the form of an
electric charge. It consists of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance.
The space between the conductors may be filled by vacuum or with an insulating material
known as a dielectric. The ability of the capacitor to store charges is known as capacitance.
 Q=CV
Q=Charge, coulomb
C=Capacitance (F, nF, Pf)
V=Voltage, V

Capacitance of a Parallel plate Capacitor

C=
= absolute permittivity of a medium
A= Area,
d= distance between two plates
Permittivity
It measures the opposition offered by a medium or material to an external
electric field.

Two types
1. Absolute permittivity
= absolute permittivity of air/vacuum
=F/m

2. Relative Permittivity
Defined as the ratio of the actual or absolute permittivity of a medium
to the absolute permittivity of vacuum
=
 MATERIAL

Vacuum 1
Water 78.5
Glass 3.7-10
PTFE(Teflon) 2.1
Polyethylene 2.25
Paper 3.5
Porcelain 6.5
Silicon 12
Pyrex glass 4.7
Ethanol 25
Polystyrene 2.6
Nerve Membrane 7.0
 Standard Unit of Capacitance
• Microfarad (μF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F

• Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F

• Picofarad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-

12
F
Sample Problem
1. A parallel plate capacitor with an insulating material with a dielectric
constant of 2.6. The distance between the plates of the capacitor is
0.0002m. Find the plate area if the capacitance (after the insertion of the
dielectric) is 4.23uF.
Atoms and their Atomic Structure
• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass
All matter us made of “atoms”

Three parts of Atom

1. Proton
2. Neutron
3. Electron

The protons and neutrons are found in the center of the atom, a place
called the “nucleus”.

The electrons orbit the nucleus.

 INDUCTOR
• also called a choke, is another passive type electrical component consisting of a
coil of wire designed to take advantage of this relationship by inducing a
magnetic field in itself or within its core as a result of the current flowing
through the wire coil. Forming a wire coil into an inductor results in a much
stronger magnetic field than one that would be produced by a simple coil of
wire.
 Inductors or coils are very common in electrical circuits and there are
many factors which determine the inductance of a coil such as the shape of the
coil, the number of turns of the insulated wire, the number of layers of wire,
the spacing between the turns, the permeability of the core material, the
size or cross-sectional area of the core etc, to name a few.
An inductor coil has a central core area, ( A ) with a constant number of
turns of wire per unit length, ( l ). So if a coil of N turns is linked by an amount of
magnetic flux, Φ then the coil has a flux linkage of NΦ and any current, ( i ) that
flows through the coil will produce an induced magnetic flux in the opposite
direction to the flow of current. Then according to Faraday’s Law, any change in
this magnetic flux linkage produces a self-induced voltage in the single coil of:

=
=

Where:
N = number of turns
A = cross sectional area in
ϕ = amount of flux, Webers
µ = permeability of the core material
l = length of the coil, meters
di/dt = current rate of change, amps/sec

Back emf Generated by an Inductor

Where:
==-L L=Self inductance
di/dt= rate of current
change
 One important point to note about the above equation. It
only relates the emf produced across the inductor to changes in
current because if the flow of inductor current is constant and
not changing such as in a steady state DC current, then the
induced emf voltage will be zero because the instantaneous
rate of current change is zero, di/dt = 0.

With a steady state DC current flowing through the

inductor and therefore zero induced voltage across it, the
inductor acts as a short circuit equal to a piece of wire, or
at the very least a very low value resistance. In other words,
the opposition to the flow of current offered by an inductor is
very different between AC and DC circuits.
 Inductance Prefixes

So to display the sub-units of the Henry we would use as an example:

•1mH = 1 milli-Henry – which is equal to one thousandths (1/1000) of an
Henry.
•100μH = 100 micro-Henries – which is equal to 100 millionth’s (1/1,000,000)
of a Henry.
Sample Problem
• A steady state direct current of 4 ampere passes through a solenoid
coil of 0.5H. What would be the average back emf voltage induced
in the coil if the switch in the above circuit was opened for 10mS
and the current flowing through the coil dropped to zero.