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Unit-6 Phy Commented

Unit 6 covers mechanical oscillations and waves. It discusses oscillations of strings, pendulums, and springs, and different types of mechanical and electromagnetic waves. Key topics include defining period, frequency, wavelength, and amplitude of waves; distinguishing between transverse and longitudinal waves; and calculating speed of sound in various media. Examples of concepts covered are oscillations of strings, pendulums, and springs; characteristics and mathematical relationships of waves; and propagation of mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

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Ayinalem
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138 views

Unit-6 Phy Commented

Unit 6 covers mechanical oscillations and waves. It discusses oscillations of strings, pendulums, and springs, and different types of mechanical and electromagnetic waves. Key topics include defining period, frequency, wavelength, and amplitude of waves; distinguishing between transverse and longitudinal waves; and calculating speed of sound in various media. Examples of concepts covered are oscillations of strings, pendulums, and springs; characteristics and mathematical relationships of waves; and propagation of mechanical and electromagnetic waves.

Uploaded by

Ayinalem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit-6

Mechanical Oscillation
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
Understand the oscillation of strings, pendulum, and a spring-mass
system;
Know the propagation of different types of waves;
Distinguish between different types of waves;
Estimate the speed of sound in different media and at different
temperature.
Mechanical Oscillation

 What is oscillations and Wave mean?


 What is wave?
 What is mechanical waves
 What you understand when you clamp water during swimming?
Mechanical Oscillation
 Oscillation is known as periodic motion(a motion that repeats itself).
 A wave is an oscillation that travels from one place to another.
 All oscillations involve force and energy.
 wave is a disturbance that moves from its source accompanied by transfer of energy.
6.1 Common Characteristics of Waves
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
 define the common characteristics of waves like period, frequency, wavelength and amplitude;
 describe terms like crest, trough and wave speed;
 relate wave frequency, period, wavelength, and velocity;
 solve problems involving wave properties.
Terms of mechanical waves
Rest position: Rest position is the undisturbed position of particles or fields when they are not vibrating.
Displacement: Displacement is the distance that a certain point in the medium has moved from its rest position.
Trough: Trough is the lowest point below the rest position.
Crest: Crest is the highest point above the rest position.
Period (T):It is the time taken for one complete wave to pass a given point.
Waves characteristics

Wave speed (v):-The distance the wave travels in one second.


Amplitude:-The maximum displacement from the equilibrium position.
Wavelength (X):-The minimum distance between identical points on adjacent waves.
Frequency (f):-The number of complete waves passing a given point per second.
Time period (T):-The time taken for one complete wave to pass a given point.
Mathematical relation of Waves characteristics

 What does it mean by a wave of frequency 1Hz, 2Hz, 3Hz, etc.?


If you consider a wave with a frequency of 2 Hz this would mean 2 waves passing a point per
second. This implies that each wave would take 0.5 second to pass the point. Therefore, the
period of the wave is 0.5 second.
 the period is the reciprocal of the frequency.
 The mathematical relation of wave characters is;
Example;
A water wave travels at a speed of 80 m/s with a wavelength of 20 m. Calculate the time period of the wave.
In order to find the time period we must first find the frequency of the wave:
Solution;
6.2 String, Pendulum and Spring
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
 Calculate the period of simple pendulum of a given length;
 Compute the period of oscillation of a spring mass system on smooth horizontal surface;
 Define Hooke's law;
 Practically measure the periods of simple pendulum of a given length and spring mass
system in a laboratory or class;
 Calculate the value of the acceleration due to gravity in your locality.
String
 If you flick the string either up or down, a simple kind of wave called "pulse" is created.
 The pulse moves horizontally along the string while the particles of the string moves up and down at right
angles to the horizontal motion of the pulse (wave).
 The act of flicking creates disturbance called wave which propagates along the string.
PENDULUM
 periodic motion is a motion that repeats itself over and over.
 Example; beating of your heart, ticking of a clock, movement of a child on a swing swinging Pendulum.
 A simple pendulum consists of a point mass (the bob) suspended by a massless, un-stretchable string.
 One of the key characteristics of a periodic system is the time required for the completion of one cycle of its
repetitive motion.
The period of a simple pendulum is given by

.
Example
1 What is the period of a simple pendulum with length 50 cm?(g = 9.8m/s 2)
Given: L = 50 cm = 0.5m,
g = 9.8m/s 2
Required: T =?
Solution:
The period of a simple pendulum is given by

The period of a simple pendulum depends only on its length and the acceleration due to gravity.
It does not depend on the mass of the bob.
2. A simple pendulum has a length of 100 cm and oscillates periodically with a period of 0.65π s at a certain
place.
What is the value of the acceleration due to gravity at that place?
Given: L = 100 cm = 1m, T = 0.65π
Required: T =?
Solution:
From the expression of the period of a simple pendulum,
Spring
• The force exerted by the spring is called restoring force .
• the spring produces a restoring force denoted by
• The restoring force is directly proportional to displacement of the object of equilibrium position x.
• Mathematically, K=spring constant
• This is called Hooke’s law .
The above equation can also be written as

The period of an object of mass m attached to a spring of spring constant k is given by


 If k is large(fig.C), then the spring is stiff and produces a lot of force for a small displacement.
 If k is small(fig.B), then the spring is said to be loose and doesn’t pull back with much force.
Example
1. A block of mass 2kg is connected to the free end of a spring with a spring constant of 200 N/m. Compute the
period of the block.
Given: m = 2kg , K = 200N/m
Required: T =?
Solution:
From the period of an object of mass m attached to a spring of spring constant k,
6.3 Propagation of Waves and Energy Transmission
At the end of this section, you should be able to:
 Differentiate between mechanical, electromagnetic, longitudinal, and transverse waves;
 Give examples of mechanical, electromagnetic, longitudinal, and transverse waves;
 Describe the propagation of waves practically using string and water
Depend on transfer medium

Waves propagation

Mechanicals electromagnetic

Use medium Not use medium


Mechanicals Waves
 Mechanical waves are waves that comprise a series of vibrations of matter.
 Mechanical waves travel through a material as a vibration of the particles of the material
(water, wood, air, etc.).
Example; sound waves,
water waves
seismic waves.
Electromagnetic Waves
 Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium to travel through.
 They are comprised of vibrating electric and magnetic fields and there are no particle vibrations at all.
 This means electromagnetic waves are able to travel through a vacuum.
Example; light, radio and x-rays,
Depend on the direction of propagation of the wave and the direction of
vibrations of the particles of the medium.

waves

Transverse Longitudinal
Transverse Wave
 A transverse wave is a wave where the direction of propagation of the wave is perpendicular to the direction
of vibrations of particles of the medium.

 the directions of the particles’ vibrations are at right angles to the direction of energy transfer (wave movement).
Examples; all electromagnetic waves, waves on strings …etc.
longitudinal waves
 In longitudinal waves the direction of propagation of the wave (the direction of energy transfer) is parallel to the
direction of vibrations of particles of the medium.
 the vibrations are forward and backward along the wave.
Examples; sound waves, pressure waves, etc.

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