Work &Energy

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 Work
In physics, work
represents a
measurable change
in a system, caused
by a force.
 Work
If you push a box with a force of one
newton for a distance of one meter, you
have done exactly one joule of work.
 Work
(force is parallel to distance)

Force (N)

Work (joules) W=Fxd

Distance (m)
Example 1:
I am holding a 2 kg block of
cheese in my hands. I walk 12
m to the other side of the
room.

Explain if I did any work.

Example 2:
I decide to do a little weight
lifting (but I’m going to start
off slow!). I lift 10 kg from
the floor, over my head, and
back down to the floor.
Explain if I did any work.
Example 3:
Last winter my car got caught in a
snow bank. I promise one of my friends
that if he comes over to do some work
for me I’ll buy him pizza. We get
behind the car and push it out of the
snow.
Explain if I did any work.
Example 4:
I am holding a 10kg book in my
hand. I put it down on the floor.
Explain if we did any work.
Explain if I did any work.
Example 5:
My nephew Teby, grabs my other
nephew Bettany’s leg and drags her 2.3
m across the floor. If he exerted a
force of 8.1 N to do this, determine
how much work he did?

Explain if I did any work.

 Work
(force at angle to distance)
Force (N)
Work (joules) W = Fd cos (q) Angle

Distance (m)
Example 6:
If you were pulling a box, which moves
12.7 m when you pull along the rope
with a force of 76.0 N with an angle of
300, determine how much work you did.
 Work
(done against gravity)

Mass (g)

Height object raised (m)

Work (joules) W = mgh

Gravity (m/sec2)
Calculate work

• A crane lifts a steel

beam with a mass of
1,500 kg.

• Calculate how much work

is done against gravity if
the beam is lifted 50
meters in the air.
 Calculate work
1. The baseball player does 1234 Joules of work when hitting a
baseball into left field. Assuming the baseball landed 100 meters
away from home plate, how much force did the player use to hit
the ball?
2. Amy uses 20N of force to push a lawn mower 10 meters. How
much work does she do?
3.You lift a 2-liter bottle of cola from a grocery bag on the floor to
a refrigerator shelf that is 0.8 meter high. If the bottle has a mass
of 2.02 kilograms, how much work did you do against gravity?
5. A force of 50 N acts on the block at the angle shown in the
diagram. The block moves a horizontal distance of 3.0 m. How
much work is done by the applied force?
 What is Energy?
 Energy is the ability to do work.
 If an object or organism does work
(exerts a force over a distance to move
an object) the object or organism uses
energy.
 Because of the direct connection
between energy and work, energy is
measured in the same unit as work:
joules (J).
 Forms of Energy
The five main forms of
energy are:
1.Heat
2.Chemical
3.Electromagnetic
4.Nuclear
5.Mechanical
 Forms of Energy

Heat Energy

The internal motion of the atoms is

called heat energy, because moving
particles produce heat.
Can be produced by friction.
Causes changes in temperature and
phase of any form of matter.
 Forms of Energy

Chemical Energy
Is required to bond atoms
together and when bonds are
broken, energy is released.
 Electromagnetic Energy Forms of Energy

 Power lines carry electromagnetic

energy into your home in the form of
electricity.
 Light is a form of electromagnetic
energy.
 Each color of light (RoyGBiv) represents
a different amount of electromagnetic
energy. Electromagnetic Energy is also
carried by X-rays, radio waves, and laser
light.
 Forms of Energy
Nuclear Energy
The nucleus of an atom is the
source of nuclear energy.
The sun’s energy is produced
from a nuclear fusion reaction
in which hydrogen nuclei fuse
to form helium nuclei.
Mechanical Energy
When work is done to an object, it
acquires energy. The energy it
acquires is known as mechanical
energy.
When you kick a football, you give
mechanical energy to the football to
make it move.
When the work is waiting to be done,
or when there is the potential for work
to be performed, we term the energy
“potential”

The unit for potential energy is: Joules

or kg/m2/s2
 Potential Energy
Mass (kg)

Potential Energy
(joules)
Ep = mgh Height (m)

Acceleration
of gravity (m/sec2)

Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)

- associated with an object at a given location above the
surface of the earth.
 Potential Energy
A cart with a mass of 102 kg
is pushed up a ramp.

The top of the ramp is 4

meters higher than the
bottom.

How much potential energy is

gained by the cart?
 Calculate the gravitational potential
energy of a skydiver with a mass of 80kg
about to jump out of a plane at an altitude
of 5000m?

PE = m x g x h
PE = 80 x 9.8 m/s2 x 5000 m PE = 3920000 Joules
= 3920 kilo joules (kJ)
 A brick with a mass of 1 kg is lifted to
the top of a 4 m high roof. It slips off the
roof and falls to the ground.
Calculate the gravitational potential energy
of the brick at the top of the roof and on
the ground once it has fallen.
The mass of the brick is m = 1 kg
The height lifted is h = 4 m
A boy has a mass of 30 kg climbs onto
the roof of a garage. The roof is 2.5 m
from the ground.

1.How much potential energy did the

boy gain by climbing onto the roof?

PE= mgh
PE= (30)(9.8)(2.5)
PE= 735 J
The boy now jumps down. What is
the potential energy of the boy
when he is 1 m from the ground?

PE= mgh
= (30kg)(9.8m/)(1m)
=294 J

When he is on the ground the

height is 0 and so the potential
energy is 0J.
 Kinetic Energy

 The work done on a body that

caused the body to be set in
motion with some speed v can be
expressed as function of the
body's final speed v and mass m,
independent of type of force
that acted on the body.
 Kinetic Energy

 Kinetic energy is a scalar.

 An energy in motion.
 The kinetic energy of an object
is completely described by
magnitude alone.
 The units are the same as for
work (i.e. Joules, J).
 Kinetic Energy

Mass (kg)

Kinetic Energy Ek = 1 mv2 Speed (m/sec)

(joules)
2
 Kinetic Energy
The kinetic energy of a moving object
depends on two things: mass and speed.
Kinetic energy is proportional to mass.
 Kinetic Energy
Mathematically, kinetic energy increases
as the square of speed.
If the speed of an object doubles, its
kinetic energy increases four times. (mass
is constant)
Calculate Kinetic Energy

A car with a mass of 1,300

kg is going straight ahead
at a speed of 30 m/sec (67
mph).

Calculate:
a) The kinetic energy of
the car.
1
.
2.
 Note the following:

1.Both balls had potential energy as they

rested on the table.

2. By resting up on a high table, they also

had gravitational energy.
.
3. By moving and falling off the table
(movement), potential and gravitational energy
changed to Kinetic Energy. Can you guess which
of the balls had more kinetic energy? (The big
and heavier ball)
Some illustrations of kinetic
energy
Some illustrations on kinetic
energy
CALCULATIONS:

 A 500 kilogram car is driving at 15

meters/second. What's its kinetic
energy?
Solution:
v= 15m/s m= 500kg

Kinetic energy = 1/2mv2(500kg)

(15m/s2
KE = 56250 Joules
CALCULATIONS:

 Determine the kinetic energy of a

625-kg roller coaster car that is
moving with a speed of 18.3 m/s.

Solution:
KE = 0.5*m*v2
KE = (0.5) * (625 kg) * (18.3 m/s)2
KE = 1.05 x105 Joules
1 . A 60-kg person walks from the ground
to the roof of a 74.8 m tall building. How
much gravitational potential energy does
she have at the top of the building?
2 . A 70-kg man is walking at a speed of 2.0
m/s. What is his kinetic energy (energy is
measured in Joules)?
3. A 1400-kg car is moving at a speed of 25
m/s. How much kinetic energy does the car
have?