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Energy8 Expenditure

This document discusses energy expenditure at rest and during physical activity. It notes that basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure at rest in a fasted, thermoneutral state. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) includes energy used at rest but not in a true basal state. Total daily energy expenditure varies but is estimated at 2900-3000 kcal for males and 2200 kcal for females aged 15-50. Physical activity accounts for 15-30% of total daily energy expenditure on average. The energy cost of different activities like walking, running, and swimming is also examined.

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21 views20 pages

Energy8 Expenditure

This document discusses energy expenditure at rest and during physical activity. It notes that basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure at rest in a fasted, thermoneutral state. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) includes energy used at rest but not in a true basal state. Total daily energy expenditure varies but is estimated at 2900-3000 kcal for males and 2200 kcal for females aged 15-50. Physical activity accounts for 15-30% of total daily energy expenditure on average. The energy cost of different activities like walking, running, and swimming is also examined.

Uploaded by

John
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Energy Expenditure at

Rest & Physical Activity


Energy Expenditure at Rest
 Basal Metabolic Rate
 BMR is rate of energy expenditure fasted, rested and
supine conditions in thermoneutral environment.
 Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) is rate of energy
expenditure when at rest but not basal (> BMR).
 BMR proportional to BSA, after age 20  2% & 3%
per decade in women and men, respectively
 When RMR expressed per unit LBM, no difference

 BMR represents largest fraction of TEE in sedentary


Energy Expenditure at Rest
 Influence of Body Size
 Differences in body size usually expressed in
terms of body surface area (BSA).
 From 20-40, average values BMR are 38 kcal/m 2
per hour for men and 36 kcal/m2 for women.
 Lower BMR in women can be attributed to
woman’s larger percent body fat & smaller muscle
mass.
Energy Expenditure at Rest
 Estimate Resting Daily
Energy Expenditure
 Estimate kcal expenditure
during rest by multiplying
one’s surface area from
nomogram by appropriate
kcal expenditure/m2 per
hour by 24 hrs.
 Also possible to use Harris
Bennedict formulas.
 Estimated values w/i ± 5%
measured values.
Energy Expenditure at Rest
Components of Total Daily
Energy Expenditure
 Physical Activity: 15-30% of
TDEE
 Dietary Induced
Thermogenesis (~10% TDEE)
 Thermic effect from processes of
digesting, absorbing, &
assimilating nutrients.
 Thermogenesis reaches
maximum w/i 1 hr post
 Thermogenesis can vary 10%-
35% of ingested food energy
 Resting Metabolic Rate
Energy Expenditure at Rest
 Factors affecting Total
Daily Energy
Expenditure
 Climate.
 RMR of people in
tropic climate averages
5-10% higher.
 RMR in extreme cold
can triple.
 Pregnancy.
Energy Expenditure in Physical
Activity
 Expression of Energy Expenditure
 Total (gross) – Resting energy expenditure (REE)
= Net energy cost of the activity per se.
 Recovery energy included in Total = exercise
energy + recovery energy.
 Utilization of 1 liter of O2 generates about 5 kcal

of energy.
Net O2 cost of exercise = exercise VO2 +
recovery VO2 – (resting VO2 x time)
Energy Expenditure in Physical
Activity
 Energy expended during weight-bearing activities increases
proportional to body mass.
 There is little relationship between body mass and energy
expended during non-weight-bearing activities.
Energy Expenditure in Physical Activity
 Average daily Total Energy Expenditure estimated to
be 2900 – 3000 kCal for males, and 2200 kCal for
females 15-50 y.o.a.
 Great variability exists because of one’s physical
activity; average person spends ___% day sedentary.
Energy Expenditure in Physical
Activity
 Classification of Work Factors:
 Duration (min) and Intensity (VO2 & kCal)
 A MET is a measure of activity intensity & represents an
average person’s resting metabolism or VO2

1 MET =
3.5 mlkg-1min-
1
Energy Expenditure in Physical
Activity
 Classification of Work
 Intensity of Work often
related to Heart Rate
because of linear
relationship to oxygen
uptake.
Economy & Efficiency of Energy
Expenditure
 Mechanical Efficiency = Work Output ÷
Energy Input (expenditure).
 Work Output = Force x Distance
 kg  m or ft  lb.
 Three efficiency terms:
1. Gross
2. Net
3. Delta
Economy & Efficiency of Energy
Expenditure
 Gross efficiency uses total oxygen uptake.
Work Output
Energy Expended
 Net efficiency subtracts resting VO 2 from total.
Work Output
Energy Expended Above Rest
 Delta efficiency computes relative energy cost
of performing an additional increment of work.
Energy Expenditure during
Walking, Running, and Swimming
 Economy is relationship between
Energy output
Energy input
 Greater economy requires less oxygen uptake
to perform a task.
 Training adjustment that improves economy
directly relates to improved exercise
performance.
Energy Expenditure during
Walking, Running, and Swimming
 Energy Expenditure during
Walking
 Relationship between
walking speed and oxygen
uptake essentially linear
between speeds of 3.0 and
5.0 kilometers per hour (1.9
to 3.1 mph).
 At faster speeds, walking
becomes less economical
and relationship curves in
upward direction.
Energy Expenditure during
Walking, Running, and Swimming
 Walking on snow and sand requires about twice the
energy expenditure of walking on hard surfaces.
 Energy cost is proportionally larger for larger people.
 Hand-held weights increases energy cost of walking but
may disproportionately elevate systolic blood pressure.
Energy Expenditure during Running
 More economical to discontinue walking and
begin to run or jog at speeds > 6.5 kmh (4 mph).
 Net energy cost of running a given distance is
independent of speed (pace).
 Lengthening stride above the optimum length
(and reducing stride frequency) increases VO2
more than shortening below optimum (and
increasing stride frequency).
 Cost of running into headwind significantly
greater than the reduction with tailwind.
Energy Expenditure during
Swimming
 Energy expenditure to swim a given distance is
about 4 times greater than to run same distance.
 Energy must be expended to maintain
buoyancy while generating horizontal motion
and to overcome drag forces.
 Total drag consists of:
 Wave drag
 Skin friction drag

 Viscous pressure drag


Energy Expenditure during
Swimming
 Elite swimmers expend
fewer calories to swim a
given stroke at any
velocity.
 Women swim a given
distance at lower energy
cost than men because
of greater buoyancy.
Illustration Reference
 McArdle, William D., Frank I. Katch, and
Victor L. Katch. 2006. Essentials of Exercise
Physiology 3rd ed. Image Collection.
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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