TRIGONOMETRY

Plane & Spherical

Reviewer:
ENGR. MARY EARL DARYL A. GRIO
Civil Engineering Department
1. Trigonometry came from three
Greek words. One of these
words, “goni”, means
a. angle
b. measurement
c. triangle
d. three
2. It is a figure formed by the
intersection of two lines.
a. triangle
b. angle
c. vertex
d. side
THE FOUR QUADRANTS

QI
QII

QIII

QIV
3. The following are angular systems
of measurement except
a. circular or natural
b. sexagesimal
c. grade
d. English
4. The following is equivalent to
one revolution except
a. 500 grades
b. 6400 mils
c. 360
d. 2 radians
CONVERSION OF ANGULAR
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
1 Revolution or Cycle is equal to
360 Degrees
2 radians
400 grades
6400 mils
SECTOR OF A CIRCLE
s  r
s 1 1 2
r A  sr  r 
 2 2
r
Where:
s = arc length
r = radius
= angle(radians)
Linear Velocity and Angular Velocity
t
s  vt
v  r
Where:
s = linear distance
v = linear velocity
r = radius
angular velocity(rad/time)
5. For co-terminal angles less than
one rotation, the sum of the
absolute values of the angles is
a. -180
b. 180
c. 360
d. -360
6. It is a quantity whose value is
dependent on the value or values
of some other quantity or
quantities.
a. angle
b. scalar
c. vector
d. function
7. In the Pythagorean theorem,
the square of which side is
equal to the sum of the squares
of the two other sides?
a. any side
b. opposite side
c. adjacent side
d. hypotenuse
 PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM
A
b
A c c  a b
2 2 2
c
Note: Exclusive for RIGHT triangles
only
C B
a
8. The sum of the angles in any
triangle is
a. 90
b. 180
c. 360
d. -360
9. In any triangle, the shorter side
is opposite the
a. any angle
b. 90 angle
c. smaller angle
d. greater angle
10. In the right triangle, the sum
of the acute angles is
a. 90
b. 180
c. 360
d. -360
11. It is an angle whose
magnitude is less than 90
degrees
a. acute angle
b. complementary angle
c. supplementary angle
d. obtuse angle
12. It is the trigonometric function
defined as the hypotenuse divided
by the adjacent side.
a. sine
b. cosine

c. cosecant
d. secant
13. All equilateral triangles are
also isosceles triangles. This
statement is
a. always true
b. sometimes true
c. never true
d. sometimes false
14. Which of the following
functions are reciprocal
functions?
a. tan and cot
b. sin and cos
c. csc and sec
d. sin and sec
15. Which of the following
functions are NOT
cofunctions?
a. tan and cot
b. sin and cos
c. csc and sec

d. sin and sec

16. The reference angle of an obtuse
angle is the angle between the

a. x-axis and the initial side of the given angle

b. x-axis and the terminal of the given angle
c. y-axis and the initial side of the given angle
d. y-axis and the terminal of the given angle
17. If the terminal side of the given
angle lies in the third quadrant,
all functions are negative except
a. sin and cos
b. sin and csc

c. tan and cot

d. sec and cos

18. The value of the function of a negative
angle is equal to the negative value of the
function of the positive angle of the same
magnitude holds true for all functions,
except
a. sin and cos

b. sin and csc

c. tan and cot

d. sec and cos

19. In the solution of ANY triangle,
if three angles are given, there
will be
a. one solution
b. two solutions

c. infinite solutions

d. no solution
20. A regular polygon is inscribed
in a circle when
a. the centers of the sides of the polygon lie
in the circle
b. the vertices of the polygon lie on the circle
c. the radius of the circle is also the apothem
of the isosceles triangle formed in the
polygon
d. none of the above
 TRUE OR FALSE?!

Any triangle has three parts.

FALSE: Six
 TRUE OR FALSE?!

In solution of triangles, at least

three parts must be given and one
of these parts must be a side.

TRUE
 TRUE OR FALSE?!

A circle is inscribed in a polygon

when the centers of the sides of
the polygon is tangent to the
circle.

TRUE
 TRUE OR FALSE?!

The angle of depression which is

above the eye of the observer is
the angle which the line of sight
makes with the horizontal.

FALSE: Elevation
 TRUE OR FALSE?!

The bearing of a line is the acute

angle, which this line makes with
the north-south lines.

TRUE
 TRUE OR FALSE?!

A scalar quantity can be added by

getting their resultant.

FALSE: Vector
 TRUE OR FALSE?!

The groundspeed of the airplane is

the speed of the plane in still air.

FALSE: Airspeed
 TRUE OR FALSE?!

The area of the triangle is one-half

the product of any two sides and
the cosine of the included angle.

FALSE: Sine
 TRUE OR FALSE?!

Sine Law states that, in any

triangle, the sides are
proportional to the sines of the
opposite angles.

TRUE
 TRUE OR FALSE?!

In any triangle, the square of the

hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the squares of the two other sides.

FALSE: Right
 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES
 It means looking for the unknown
parts given at least 3 parts. One given
part must be a side for the triangle to
have a solution.
 If three angles are given, there are an
infinite number of solutions.
 RIGHT TRIANGLES
 One of the angles is 90 degrees

 The side opposite the 90 degree angle

is called hypotenuse
 RIGHT TRIANGLES
The following principles shall be used in the
solution of right triangles:
1.The sum of the acute angles is 90
degrees.
2.Pythagorean Theorem

3.Trigonometric Functions
Note:
These principles are exclusive to right triangles.
 OBLIQUE
TRIANGLES
 Generally, NO angle is 90 degrees
 The principles use in solution of
obliques can be used also in solving
right triangles.
 Triangles belonging to the oblique
family are scalenes, equilaterals, and
isosceles.
 OBLIQUE
TRIANGLES
The following principles shall be used in the solution
of oblique triangles:
1. The sum of the all three angles is
180 degrees.
2. Sine Law
3. Cosine Law
Note:
These principles CAN BE USED in right triangles.
 TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
These are formulas used to:
A. Determine the value of the trigonometric
function, or
B. Determine the value of the angles, or

C. Prove identities
TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
sin A
tan A 
cos A

cos A
cot A 
sin A
 TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES

sin A  cos A  1
2 2

sec A  1  tan A
2 2

csc A  1  cot A
2 2
 TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
sin 2 A  2 sin A cos A
cos 2 A  cos A  sin A
2 2

cos 2 A  2 cos A  1
2

cos 2 A  1  2 sin A2
 TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
sin( A  B)  sin A cos B  cos A sin B
sin( A  B )  sin A cos B  cos A sin B

cos( A  B )  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

cos( A  B)  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
 TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES

tan A  tan B
tan( A  B) 
1  tan A tan B
 SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
Spherical Triangle
Any section made by a
cutting plane that passes
through a sphere is circle. A
great circle is formed when
the cutting plane passes
through the center of the
sphere. Spherical triangle is a
triangle bounded by arc of Note : For spherical triangles, sides
great circles of a sphere a, b, and c are usually in angular
units. And like plane triangles,
angles A, B, and C are also in
angular units.
 SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
Sum of interior angles of spherical triangle
The sum of the interior angles of a spherical triangle
is greater than 180° and less than 540°.
 SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
Area of spherical triangle
The area of a spherical triangle
on the surface of the sphere of radius R
is given by the formula 
where E is the spherical excess in degrees.
Spherical excess:
 SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
 Notes:
In spherical trigonometry, earth is assumed to be a
perfect sphere. One minute (0° 1') of arc from the
center of the earth has a distance equivalent to one
(1) nautical mile (6080 feet) on the arc of great
circle on the surface of the earth.
1 minute of arc = 1 nautical mile
1 nautical mile = 6080 feet
1 statute mile = 5280 feet
1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour
 SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
Solution of right spherical triangle
With any two quantities given (three quantities if the right angle is
counted), any right spherical triangle can be solved by following the
Napier’s rules. The rules are aided with the Napier’s circle. In
Napier’s circle, the sides and angle of the triangle are written in
consecutive order (not including the right angle), and complimentary
angles are taken for quantities opposite the right angle.
 SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
Napier’s Rules
SIN-COOP Rule
In the Napier’s circle, the sine of any middle part is
equal to product of the cosines of its opposite parts.
 SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
Napier’s Rules
SIN-TAAD Rule
In the Napier’s circle, the sine of any middle part is
equal to the product of the tangents of its adjacent parts.

a
a
 RIGHT SPHERICAL
TRIGONOMETRY
Solve for the spherical triangle
whose parts are a = 73°, b =
62°, and C = 90°.
 EXERCISES
in
TRIGONOMETRY